Psych Exam 4
Psychology 0010 with Zuckoff at University of Pittsburgh - Pittsburgh
About this deck
By: Gregory Drupp
Created: 2012-04-12
Size: 105 flashcards
Views: 22
Created: 2012-04-12
Size: 105 flashcards
Views: 22
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Enlightenment effect
knowing about bystander nonintervention reduces the likelihood of just standing by
group brainstorming
produces fewer ideas, reduces creativity, over-estimation of success
proximity
relationship formation, repeated exposure increases attractiveness
similarity
those perceived like us
primary effect
the tendency for an overall impression or another to be influenced more by the first information that is received about that person than by the information that comes later
attribution
the assignment of a cause to explain one's own or another's behavior
situational attribution
attributing behavior to some external cause or factor operating within the situation, an external situation
dispositional attribution
attributing a behavior to some internal cause, such as a personal trait, motive, or attitude; an internal attributino
actor-observer effect
the tendency to attribute one's own behavior primarily to situational factors and the behavior of others primarily to dispositional factors
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to attribute others' behavior to dispositional factors
self-serving bias
the tendency to attribute one's successes to dispositional causes and one's failures to situational causes
proximity
physical or geographic closeness; a major influence on attraction
mere-exposure effect
the tendency to feel more positively toward a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to it
halo effect
the tendency to assume that a person has generally positive or negative traits as a result of observing one major positive or negative trait
conformity
changing or adopting a behavior or an attitude in order to be consistent with the social norms of a group of people and their expectations
social norms
the attitudes and standards of behavior expected of members of a particular group
groupthink
the tendency for members of a tightly-knit group to be more concerned with preserving group solidarity and uniformity than with objectively evaluating all alternatives in decision making
obedience
behaving in accordance with the rules and commands of those in authority
compliance
acting in accordance with the wishes, suggestions, or direct requests of other people
foot-in-the-door technique
a strategy designed to gain a favorable response to a small request at first, with the intent of making the person more likely to agree later to a larger request
door-in-the-face technique
a strategy in which someone makes a large, unreasonable request with the expectation that the person will refuse but will later make a more likely to response request
low-ball technique
a strategy in which someone makes a very attractive initial offer to get a person to commit to an action and then makes the terms less favorable
social facilitation
any positive or negative effect on performance that can be attributed to the presence of others, either as an audience or as co-actors
audience effects
the impact of passive spectators on performance
co-action effects
the impact on performance of the presence of other people engaged in the same task
social loafing
the tendency to put forth less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone
social roles
socially defined behaviors considered appropraite for individuals occupying certain positions within a given group
deindividuation
a social psychological process in which individuals lose their sense of personal identity as a result of identification with a group
social identity
a social psychological process that individuals join with others to construct a group identity in order to insulate themselves from stressors
attitude
a relatively stable evaluation of a person, object, situation, or issue, alone a continium ranging from positive to negative
cognitive dissonance
the unpleasant state that can occur when people become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior
persuasion
a deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes and/or behavior or another person
prosocial behavior
behavior that benefits others, such as helping, cooperation, and sympathy
altriusm
behavior that is aimed at helping another, requires some self-sacrifice, and is not performed for personal gain
bystander effect
a social factor that affects prosocial behavior; as the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, the probability that the victim will receive help decreases, and the help, if given, is likely to be delayed
prejudice
attitudes towards others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group
discrimination
behavior directed towards others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group
realistic conflict theory
the view that as competition increases among social group for scarce resources, so do prejudice, discrimination, and hatred
in-group
a social group with a strong sense of togetherness, from which others are excluded
out-group
a social group made up of individuals specificially identified by the in-group as not belonging
social cognition
the mental processes that people use to notice, interpret, and remember information about the social world
stereotypes
widely shared beliefs about the characteristic tarits, attitudes, and behaviors of members of various social groups, including assumption that the members of such groups are all alike
ethnocentrism
the tendency to look at situations from one's own racial or cultural perspective
psychological disorder
mental processes and/or behavior patterns that cause emotional distress and/or substantial impairment in functioning
anxiety disorder
psychological disorders characterized by frequent fearful thoughts about what might happen in the future
panic attack
an episode of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror
agoraphobia
an intense fear of being in a situation from which escape is not possible or in which help would not be available if one experienced overwhelming anxiety or a panic attack
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring, unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which people experience chronic, excessive worry for about 6 mos. or more
phobia
a persistent, irrational fear of some specific object, situation, or activity that poses little or no real danger
social phobia
an irrational fear and avoidance of any social or performance situation in which one might embarrass or humiliate oneself in-front of others by appearing clumsy, foolish, or incompetent
specific phobia
a marked fear of a specific object or situation; a general label for any phobia other than agoraphobia and social phobia
obsessive compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person has recurrent obsessions and or compulsions
obsession
a persistent, involuntary thought, image or impulse that invades consciousness and causes great distress
compulsion
a persistent, irresistible, and or irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly
mood disorders
disorders characterized by extreme and unwarranted disturbances in emotion or mood
major depressive disorder
a mood disorder marked by feelings of great sadness, despair, and hopelessness
bipolar disorder
a mood disorder in which manic episodes alternate with periods of depression, usually with relatively normal periods in-between
manic episode
a period of excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism, and hyperactivity, often accompanied by delusions of grandeur and by hostility if activity is blocked
psychosis
a condition characterized by loss of contact with reality
schizophrenia
a sever psychological disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality, hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate, or flat affect, some disturbance in thinking, social withdrawal, or other bizare behavior
hallucinations
imaginary sensations
delusions
false beliefs, not generally shared by others in the culture
delusions of grandeur
a false believe that one is a famous person or a powerful or important person who has some great knowledge ability, or authority
delusions of persecutions
a false belief that some person or agency is trying in some way to harm one
paranoid schizophrenia
a type of schizophrenia characterized by delusions of grandeur/persecution
disorganized schizophrenia
the most severe type of schizophrenia, marked by extreme social withdrawal, hallucinations, delusions, silliness, inappropriate laughter, grotesque mannerisms, and other bizarre behavior
cationic schizophrenia
a type of schizophrenia characterized by complete silliness or stupor or great excitement and agitation; some people with this type of schizophrenia may assume unusual posture and remain in it for long periods of time
undifferentiated schizophrenia
a catchall term used when schizophrenic symptoms either do not conform to the criteria of any one type or conform to more than one type
psychotherapy
any type of treatment for emotional and behavioral disorders that uses psychological rather than biological means
insight therapy
approach to psychotherapy based on the notion that psychological well-being depends on self-understanding
psychodynamic therapy
psychotherapies that attempt to uncover childhood experiences that are thought to explain a patient's current difficulties
psychoanalysis
the first psychodynamic therapy, which was developed by Freud and uses free association, dream analysis, and transferrence
free association
a psychoanalytic technique used to explore the unconscious by having patients reveal whether thoughts, feelings, or images come to mind
transference
an emotional reaction that occurs during psychoanalysis, in which the patient displays feelings and attitudes toward the analyst that were present in another significant relationship
interpersonal therapy
a brief psychotherapy designed to help people with depression better understand and cope with problems relating to their interpersonal relationships
humanistic therapies
psychotherapies that assume that people have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices
person-centered therapy
a non directive, humanistic therapy developed by Rogers, in which the therapist creates an accepting climate and shows empathy, freeing clients to be themselves and releasing their natural tendency toward self-actualization
non directive therapy
any type of psychotherapy in which the therapist allows the direction of the therapy sessions to be controlled by the client; an example is person-centered
Gestalt therapy
a therapy that was originated by Fritz Perls and that emphasizes the importance of clients' fully experiencing, in the present moment, their feelings, thoughts, and actions and then taking responsibility for them
directive therapy
any type of psychotherapy in which the therapist takes an active role in determining the course of therapy sessions and provides answers and suggestions to the client
relationship therapies
therapies that attempt to improve clients' interpersonal relationships or create new relationship to support clients' efforts to address psychological problems
traditional behavioral couple therapy
an approach to couple therapy that focuses on behavior change
integrated behavioral couple therapy
a type of couple therapy that emphasizes both behavior change and mutual acceptance
family therapy
therapy involving an entire family, with the goal of helping family members reach agreement on changes that will help heal the family unit, improve communication problems, and create more understanding and harmony within the group
group therapy
a form of therapy in which several clients meet regularly with one or more therapists to resolve personal problems
behavior therapy
a treatment approach that is based on the idea that abnormal behavior is learned and that applies the principles of operant/classical conditioning/observational learning to eliminate the inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors and replace them with more adaptive responses
behavior modification
an approach to therapy that uses learning principles to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors and replace them with more adaptive responses
token economy
a behavior modification technique that rewards appropriate behavior that can be exchanged later for privaliges
time-out
a behavior modification technique used to eliminate undesirable behavior, especially in children and adolescents, by withdrawing al reinforcers for a period of time
systematic desensitization
a behavior therapy that is based on classical conditioning and used to treat fears by training clients in deep muscle relaxation and then having them confront a graduated series of anxiety-producing situations until they can remain relaxed while confronting even the most feared situation
flooding
a behavior therapy technique based on classical conditioning and used to treat phobias by exposing clients to the feared object or event for an extended period until their anxiety decreases
exposure and response prevention
a behavior therapy that exposes clients with OCD to stimuli that trigger obsessions and compulsive rituals, while clients resist performing the compulsive rituals for progressively longer periods of time
aversion therapy
a behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a a harmful or socially undesirable behavior until the behavior becomes associated with pain or discomfort
participant modeling
a behavior therapy in which an appropriate response to a feared stimulus is modeled in a graduated steps and the client attempts to imitate the model step by step, encouraged and supported by the therapist
cognitive therapies
therapies that assume maladaptive behavior can result from irrational thoughts, beliefs, and ideas
rational emotive behavior therapy
a directive form of psychotherapy developed by Ellis and designed to challenge clients' irrational beliefs about themselves and others
Beck's cognitive therapy
a therapy designed to help clients stop their negative thoughts as they occur and replace them with more objective thoughts
biomedical therapy
a therapy that is based on the assumption that psychological disorders are symptoms of underlying physical problems
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to control sever psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior, by inhibiting dopamine activity
antidepressant drugs
drugs that act as mood elevators for people with severe depression and are also prescribed to treat some anxiety disorders
electroconvulsive therapy
a biomedical therapy in which an electric current is passed through the right hemisphere of the brain; usually reserved for patients with severe depression who are suicidal
psychosurgery
brain surgery performed to alleviate serious psychological disorders or by unbearable chronic pain
culturally sensitive therapy
an approach to therapy in which knowledge of clients' cultural backgrounds guides the choice of therapeutic interventions
gender-sensitive therapy
an approach to therapy that takes in to account the effects of gender on both the therapist's and the client's behavior
About this deck
By: Gregory Drupp
Created: 2012-04-12
Size: 105 flashcards
Views: 22
Created: 2012-04-12
Size: 105 flashcards
Views: 22
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
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