Psych Final

we place an item in a particular category if it meets that definition of that category

ex. four-legged animal, warm-blooded, large teeth

mental images or best example of that category

the more closely something matches our prototype of that concept, the more easily we recognize it as an example of that concept

ex: two small birds v.s. a turkey and a penguin

simple, quicker than algorithm, but no gaurenteed to find a solution

often used because it saves time

a sudden realization of the solution of that problem

an answer just pops into your head

tendency to search for information that confirms our preconceptions

information to verify and not refute

juding the liklihood of something in terms o fhow well it seems to match a particular prototype

classic professor v.s. drunk driver

estimating the liklihood of an event based on its avaliability in memory

if something comes to mind quickly, we assume that that event is common

ex road rage

small basic sound unit

dog = 3

(d, o (ah), g)

smallest unit of lanuage that carries meaning

"ed, view, bat, pre"

set of rules to derive meaning from morphemes and words

ex. add "s" to nouns

rules we use to order words and sensible sentences

(adjectives before verbs)

starts around 4 months

sounds arent related to any particular language

even deaf with hearing parents begin to babble with hands

10 months: children will beigin to resemble sounds spoken at home

use sounds to ocmmunicate meaning

1st words have 1 syllable and are hard to recognize

starts around 2nd year

start speaking 2 word sentences

"telegraphic speech": no articles, preposistion, or unnecessary words

ex: "want juice"

• instinct theory
• drive-reduciton theory
• arousal theory
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs

need creates drive

need: a physiological deficent

drive: an aroused state of tension that motivates behavior that can reduce that tension

behavior reduces the drive

enviornmental stimuli that motivate behavior

lure us towards them or reprel us away from them

ex pizza

too little stimulation can motivate behavior

when we are in a state where our biological needs are satisfied, we are drived to seek stimulation

lesioning causes animals to show little interest in eating

stimulation causes animal to behin eating although it is already full

the LH and VMH are brains on and off switch to control hunger

leisoning of LH and VMH cause changes in behavior unrelated to that hunger

the point at which a person's weight thermostat is supposidly set (determined by heredity)

ex rats starving or forced to eat

food intake

energy output

basal metabolic rate

danamge to heart, liver and kidneys

drop in blood pressure, heartrate, and breathing rate

hair can fall out and finger nails break off

tooth decay

often have constant stomach pain

damage to stomach and kidneys

mothers are focused on weight or appearance

families tend to be competitive, high achieveing, and protective

genetics

occurs in weight concious cultures

cultural pressure from magazines and ads of the ideal thin

natures way of making us procreate

hunger is response to a need, sexual motivation is not

hunger and sexual motivation are infuenced by internal physiological factors, external and cultural expectations

men become aroused by reading, seeing or hearing erotic material

l

most women report nearly as much arousal to the material

depicts women as molestred or raped

lead to devaluation of partners

less satisfaction from partners

most dreams have no sexual content

nearly all med and 40% of women have dreams that lead to a climax

have less sex

lower rates of contraception use

higher rates of teen pregnancy and abortion

ignorance

guilt related to sexual activity

minimal communication about birth control

alcohol use

mass media norms of unportect promiscuity

3-4% of men are gay

1-2% of women are gay

>1% are bisexual