Psych Test 2
Psychology 101 with Bonvillian at University of Virginia
About this deck
By: Sasha Jones
Created: 2011-04-04
Size: 30 flashcards
Views: 48
Created: 2011-04-04
Size: 30 flashcards
Views: 48
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Classical Conditioning
Pavlov and Watson
Watson and Rayner show how can be used for emotional response - Little Albert
Watson and Rayner show how can be used for emotional response - Little Albert
Instrumental (operant) conditioning
Thorndike, Skinner
- learn from consequences of behavior
- learn from consequences of behavior
Cognitive Learning
Insight and Latent learning = Kohler and Toleman
Cognitive Social Learning
Bandura
Primary, secondary reinforcements
primary - satisfies biological need (food)
secondary - learned value (money)
secondary - learned value (money)
Partial reinforcement
–Fixed ratio: after a fixed number of responses
–Fixed interval: for a response after a specified time has elapsed.
–Variable ratio: on an certain # of responses, but the # varies
–Variable interval: on a variable time interval
Fixed Ratio
–A rat receives a pellet after pressing the bar 7 times.
–Parents pay a child $10 after washing 3 cars.
•Highest response, but brief drop off just after reinforcement
Fixed Interval
–You receive weekly paychecks
•Response increases just before reinforcer, drops off after reinforcement & during interval
Variable Ratio
–Slot machines pay out after a certain # of responses…might be 3, might be 10, or even 20
•High response rates, no pause after reinforcement
Variable Interval
–Pop quizzes, you never know when the next one will happen.
•Relatively low, but steady response rates, less likely to extinguish
Thorndike's Contribution
–The “Cat in the Box” experiment
–“Law of Effect” – response followed by reward is strengthened; response w/o reward is weakened
Skinner's Contribution
–“Skinner’s Box” (more efficient than Thorndike’s technique): Rats trained to press a lever for food or water; pigeons trained to peck at lighted key; etc.
Proximate Causation
e.g., your muscles got stronger because you lifted weights at the gym
Ultimate Causation
•men are physically stronger than women (on average) because….
Difference between gender and sex
sex - anatomical
gender - societal, situational
gender - societal, situational
Guevedoces syndrome
in male children, in fetal stage disorder makes children relatively insensitive to effects of androgens. External gentials at birth look like a females…but at puberty (age 11 or 12) with upsurge of male hormones….develop male genitals, voice deepens and torsos become muscular.
Shelley Taylor
Nurturing is essential
Generally, women seek closer friendships than men do
3 Components of Emotion
1.Experiential/Cognitive
•Thoughts, beliefs, expectations
2.Physiological
•Heart rate, respiration rate, etc.
3.Behavioral
•Facial expressions & body movements
James-Lange theory
–Feelings are interpreted from physical sensations
–E.g.: smiling makes you happy
•Cannon-Bard
–Arousal, behavior, and emotions happen at the same time
•E.g.: see a bear: body reacts, you run, and feel fear
Schachter’s 2 factor theory
–Emotional stimulus …leads to
–Arousal & a cognitive label….leads to
–Behavior & emotional feelings
3 components of attitude
•cognitive, affective, & behavioral
Leon Festinger
•Theory: tension results when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.
•People will change attitudes
•Festinger & Carlsmith (1959)
–Perform boring tasks for 1 hour
–Paid $1 OR $20 to tell next person it was interesting
–Later asked how enjoyable the tasks really were
–Cognitive dissonance: 1$ was not enough reason to lie to someone.
explicit vs implicit attitudes
Explicit attitudes are those that we are aware of, and can express in response to survey questions.
Implicit attitudes are revealed only indirectly, usually by how we behave in certain situations.
•Asch’s conformity study:
Asked which line matched the line shown
The 3 lines on paper -- discussed in class
The 3 lines on paper -- discussed in class
Milgram study
–Volunteers responded to newspaper ad.
–Came to lab, told they were the teacher
–Gave learner shocks for wrong answers
Albeit protest, ~ 65% gave 450 volts
Zimbardo
prison study
Darley & Latane
why don't we intervene?
–Ambiguous situations
–Diffusion of responsibility
–Pluralistic ignorance
–Sometimes there exist costs
Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
1.Preconventional Morality
•Level 1: punishment-obedience •Level 2: Instrumental – exchange
2.Conventional Morality
–Level 3: Good-Child–Level 4: Law and Order –Level 5: Social-contract
–Level 6: Universal ethics code
About this deck
By: Sasha Jones
Created: 2011-04-04
Size: 30 flashcards
Views: 48
Created: 2011-04-04
Size: 30 flashcards
Views: 48
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy