psych test
Psychology 1200 with Miller at Belmont University
About this deck
By: kenzie hruby
Created: 2010-11-14
Size: 206 flashcards
Views: 244
Created: 2010-11-14
Size: 206 flashcards
Views: 244
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At 1:00 A.M., Luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. An EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of
delta waves
Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.
increase; decrease
Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.
manifest
Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.
have very relaxed muscles
Bed-wetting is most likely to occur at the end of ________ sleep.
slow wave
Bed-wetting is most likely to occur at the end of ________ sleep.
there will be an increase in Barry's REM sleep
A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness that involves five distinct stages is known as
sleep
A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness that involves five distinct stages is known as
dreaming
A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness that involves five distinct stages is known as
posthypnotic suggestion
Research most clearly disputes claims of
age regression
People hypnotized for pain relief may show activity in brain areas that receive pain sensations but not in brain areas that make us consciously aware of the pain. This most directly supports the theory that hypnosis involve
dissociation
The claim that hypnotic phenomena occur outside our normal awareness is associated with the theory that hypnosis involves
dissociation
As a form of therapy for relieving problems such as warts, hypnosis is
no more effective than positive suggestions given without hypnosis
Research indicates that hypnotherapy is especially helpful for the treatment of
obesity
Dissociation refers to
a state of divided consciouness
Compared with adults, children are
more likely to experience night terrors and sleepwalking
Sleep spindles predominate during which stage of sleep?
stage 2
The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that
most mammals experience REM rebound
Our inability to fall asleep early, as we had planned, is most likely a reflection of
the circadian rhythm
According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreaming represents
the brain's effort to integrate unrelated burst of energy in the visual brain areas with the emotional tone provided by limbic system activity
One effect of sleeping pills is to
decrease REM sleep
REM rebound involves the
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM deprivation
Concluding her presentation on contemporary theories of why sleep is necessary, Marilynn makes all of the following points EXCEPT
slow wave sleep provides a "psychic safety value" for stressful waking experiences
Dissociation has been used as an explanation for
hypnotic pain relief
People can be hypnotically induced to
report little pain from putting their arm in an ice bath
Those who believe that hypnosis is a social phenomenon argue that “hypnotized” individuals are
merely acting out a role
Dissociation refers to
a state of divided consciousness
Age regression refers to
the hypnotically induced reliving of earlier life experiences
One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by
distracting attention
Which of the following is NOT an example of a biological rhythm?
sudden sleep attacks during the day
A person who falls asleep in the midst of a heated argument probably suffers from
narcolepsy
With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of th
circadian rhythm
An air pump that keeps the sleeper's airway open and breathing regular is often prescribed for serious cases of
sleep apnea
Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.
REM sleep; stage 4 sleep
Mr. Oates always sleeps restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Mr. Oates suffers from
sleep apnea
Compared with their counterparts of 80 years ago, teenagers today average ________ sleep each night
2 hours less
Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammed is encouraged by her therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument she had with her father when she was a child. The therapist is employing a technique called
age regression
Research has indicated that hypnosi
enables some people to undergo surgery without anesthesia
The claim that hypnotic phenomena are regulated by normal conscious processes is associated with the theory that hypnosis reflects the power of
social influence
Evidence that people in a posthypnotic state have no difficulty remembering everything they had learned while under hypnosis would most clearly serve to challenge
dissociation theory
Which of the following statements concerning hypnosis is true?
Hypnosis is in part an extension of the division between conscious awareness and automatic behavior.
By creating a label such as “gifted,” we begin to act as if all children are naturally divided into two categories, gifted and nongifted. This logical error is referred to as
reification
High intelligence scores have been linked with high concentrations of gray matter in certain regions of the frontal lobe. The gray matter refers to the ________ of neurons.
cell bodies
The ability to delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-range rewards is most clearly a characteristic of
emotional intelligence
Compared with kids of average intelligence, more intelligent children show cortex thickening at a(n) ________ age and ________ noticeable changes in cortex thickening and thinning.
later; more
Current intelligence tests compute an individual's intelligence score as
the amount by which the test-taker's performance deviates from the average performance of others the same age.
Your psychology professor has announced that the next test will assess your understanding of sensation and perception. When you receive the test, however, you find that very few questions actually relate to these topics. In this instance, you would be most concerned about the ________ of the test.
content validity
Aptitude tests are to ________ as achievement tests are to ________.
future performance; current competence
A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as
free association
Which of the following techniques did Freud use to discover the latent content of his patients' dreams?
free association
Freud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for the development of
the superego
Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner because, said she, “You could better spend the time playing with our kids.” Melissa's comment best illustrates
rationalization
The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our
situations
Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basic
personality traits
Emotional instability is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of
neuroticism
Which theorists have been most directly criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation?
trait
Staying up especially late on weekends is most likely to have an influence on
the circadian rhythm
Sleepwalking is most likely to be associated with ________ sleep.
stage 4
A recurring sleep stage during which most vivid dreams commonly occur is known as ________ sleep.
REM
Narcolepsy is associated with a relative absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces
orexin
Which of the following sleep disorders is most strongly associated with obesity?
sleep apnea
The distinction between manifest content and latent content is central to ________ theory of dreams.
Freud's wish fulfillment
The five-stage sleep cycle provides an example of
biological rhythms
Bright light inhibits our feelings of sleepiness by influencing the production of
melatonin
People who claim to have been abducted by space aliens—often shortly after going to bed—commonly recall being floated off their beds. It is most likely that they have incorporated ________ into their memories.
hypnagogic sensations
The large, slow brain waves associated with Stage 4 sleep are called
delta waves
Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to
suppression of the immune system
Those who complain of insomnia typically _______ how long it actually takes them to fall asleep and ________ how long they actually slept.
overestimate; underestimate
Which sleep disorder is most likely to be accompanied by sleepwalking and sleeptalking?
night terrors
The activation-synthesis theory provides a physiological explanation for
dreaming
circadian rhythm
any regular bodily rhythm, such as body temperature and sleep-wakefulness, that follows a 24 hour cycle
REM sleep
the sleep stage in which the brain and eyes are active, the muscles are relaxed, and vivid dreams occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep
Alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves characteristic of an awake, relaxed state
sleep
the natural, periodic, reversible loss of consciousness, on which the body and mind depend for healthy functioning
hallucinations
false sensory experiences that occur without any sensory stimulus
delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
insomnia
a sleep disorder in which the person regularly has difficulty in falling or staying asleep
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder in which the victim suffers sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks, often characterized by entry directly into REM
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder in which the person ceasing breathing while asleep, briefly arouses to gasp for air, falls back asleep, and repeats this cycle throughout the night
night terrors
a person suffering from these experiences episodes of high arousal with apparent terror, usually occurring during stage 4 sleep
dreams
sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts, the most vivid of which occur during REM sleep
manifest content
In Freud's theory of dreams, this is the remembered story line
latent content
In Freud's theory of dreams, this is the underlying but censored meaning of a dream
REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
A stage hypnotist can best increase the hypnotizability of select audience members by first providing them with a
a strong expectation that they will be hypnotically responsive
Hypnotized people who have been age regressed are no more genuinely childlike than unhypnotized people who pretend to act in a childlike behavior. This fact most clearly supports
social influence theory
Dissociation has been used as an explanation for
hypnotic pain relief
Social influence explanations and divided-consciousness explanations of hypnosis
are converging toward a unified account
Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammed is encouraged by her therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument she had with her father when she was a child. The therapist is employing a technique called
age regression
Research indicates that hypnotherapy is especially helpful for the treatment of
obesity
In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ear if they hear the word psychology mentioned later. The fact that they do so only if they think the experiment is still under way most clearly supports the theory that hypnosis involves
role playing
The divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis involves
dissociation
To move beyond the “hypnosis is social influence” versus “hypnosis is divided consciousness” debate, today’s hypnosis researchers are using a unified ________ approach.
biopsychosocial
hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion made during a hypnosis session that is to be carried out when the subject is no longer hypnotized
dissociation
a split between different levels of consciousness, allowing a person to divide attention between two or more thoughts or behaviors
Which procedure is used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie people’s intelligence scores?
factor analysis
When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister’s opinion, she effectively controls her own anger and responds with empathy to her sister’s frustration regarding their dispute. Her behavior best illustrates
emotional intelligence
Managers who want to foster creativity in the workplace should try to increase the ________ of their employees.
intrinsic motivation
People who score high on intelligence tests exhibit
more neural plasticity and faster brain-wave responses to simple stimuli than do those with lower scores.
Superior performance on an intelligence test is most likely to be indicative of
Strenberg's concept of analytical intelligence
Although diagnosed with autism and hardly able to speak coherently, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as
savant syndrome
The lower region of the ________ lobe is a center for processing mathematical and special information.
parietal
University students who focus on the interest and challenge of their schoolwork rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades are especially likely to demonstrate
creativity
The sort of problem solving that demonstrates “school smarts” is what researchers have historically assessed in their tests of
intelligence
Howard Gardner identified a total of ________ intelligences.
eight
intelligence tests
measure people's mental aptitudes and compare them with those of others, using numerical scores
intelligence
a mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
general intelligence (g)
according to Spearman and others, is a general intelligence factor that underlies each of the more specific mental abilities identified through factor analysis
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies factors, or clusters of related items, that seem to define a common ability
savant syndrome
a person with this has a very low intelligence score, yet possesses one exceptional ability
creativity
refers to an ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive manage, understand, and use emotions
An 8-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average 10-year-old was said to have an IQ of
125
A test designed to assess whether newly graduated medical students should be granted the legal right to practice medicine would most likely be considered a(n) ________ test.
achievement
When retested on the WAIS, people’s second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of
reliability
If course exams assess a student’s mastery of a representative sample of course material, they are said to
have content validity
Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test
standardization
The widely used American revision of Alfred Binet’s original intelligence test was developed by
Lewis Terman
Comparing the academic performance of those whose scores are extremely low on intelligence tests with those whose scores are extremely high is an effective way to highlight the tests’
validity
Mark suffers severe intellectual disability. Although he speaks very little, he has been trained to put on his own clothes and perform simple tasks under close supervision. Mark’s intelligence test score is most likely between
20-34
Mary’s bathroom scale always overstates people’s actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has ________ reliability and ________ validity.
high; low
Children at 20 months of age who spoke sentences typical of 3-year-olds ________ especially likely to be reading by age 4-and-a-half. Eighth-graders who outperformed most high schoolers on a college aptitude test ________ especially likely to be reading by age 5.
were not; were
University grades are used to assess the ________ of the SAT.
predictive validity
Some hereditarians have been fearful that higher twentieth-century birth rates among those with lower intelligence scores would shove average intelligence scores progressively downward. This fear has been most directly alleviated by the discovery of
the Flynn effect
A high school counselor gave Amy a test designed to predict whether she could learn to become a successful architect. Amy most likely took a(n) ________ test.
aptitude
The first modern test of intelligence was developed in
France
A performance score on the WAIS that is higher than all but 2 percent of all scores earns an intelligence score of
130
mental age
Introduced by Binet, this is the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
Stanford-Binet
Lewis Terman's widely used revision of Binet's original intelligence test
intelligence quotient (IQ)
was defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. Contemporary tests make 100 the average for a given age
achievement tests
measure a person's current knowledge
aptitude tests
are designed to predict future performance
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
the most widely used intelligence test. It is individually administered, contains 11 subtests, and yields separate verbal and performance intelligence, as well as overall intelligence scores
standardization
the process of defining meaningful scores by comparison with a pretested standardization group
reliability
the extent to which a test produces consistent results
validity
the degree to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
content validity
the extent to which it samples the behavior that is of interest
predictive validity
the extent to which a test predicts the behavior that it is designed to predict
intellectual disability
an IQ below 70 and difficulty adapting to normal demands of independent living
Down syndrome
A common cause of severe retardation and associated physical disorders. Usually the result of an extra chromosome
Jaydon doesn’t realize that his alcohol abuse and neglect of his family is leading to the destruction of both his family and career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon shows signs of a
weak ego
Freud suggested that adults with a passive personality marked by a childlike dependency demonstrate signs of
an oral fixation
Bryce often acts so daring and overly confident that few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as
reaction formation
Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ________ in personality functioning.
the collective unconscious
Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used ________ test.
projective
Freud thought that the part of a dream that we remember is a censored version of
unconscious wishes
Although Alex has frequently been caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about robbing these people. Alex most clearly demonstrates a(n)
weak superego
According to psychoanalytic theory, boys’ fear of castration is most closely associated with
the Oedipus complex
Bonnie is afraid to express anger at her overbearing and irritating supervisor at work, so she is critical of her children instead. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie’s reaction to her children illustrates
displacement
Children who have witnessed a parent’s murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud’s concept of
repression
personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
free association
the Freudian technique in which the person is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind as a means of exploring the unconscious
psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; also, the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret the tensions within a patient's unconscious
unconscious
In Freud's theory, this is the reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, it is a level of information processing of which we are unaware
id
In Freud's theory, it's the unconscious system of personality, consisting of basic sexual and aggressive drives, that supplies psychic energy to personality. Operates on the pleasure principle
ego
In Freud's theory, it's the conscious division of personality that attempts to mediate among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle
superego
In Freud's theory, it's the division of personality that contains the conscience and develops by incorporating the perceived moral standards of society
psychosexual stages
developmental periods children pass through during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies are focused on different erogenous zones
Oedipus complex
boys in the phallic stage develop a collection of feelings that center on sexual attraction to the mother and resentment of the father. In girls, Electra complex
identification
the process by which the child's superego develops and incorporates the parents' values.
fixation
occurs when development becomes arrested, due to unresolved conflicts, in an earlier psychosexual stage
defense mechanisms
the ego's methods of unconsciously protecting itself against anxiety by distorting reality
repression
the unconscious exclusion of anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from the conscious mind
regression
a person faced with anxiety reverts to a more infantile psychosexual stage
reaction formation
the ego converts unacceptable impulses into their opposites
projection
the unconscious attribution of one's own unacceptable feelings, attitudes, or desires on to others
rationalization
on devises self-justifying but incorrect reasons for one's behavior
displacement
a sexual or aggressive impulse is shifted to a more acceptable or less threatening object
denial
people refuse to believe or even perceive a painful reality
collective unconscious
Jung's concept of an inherited unconscious shared by all people and deriving from our species' history
projective tests
such as the TAT and Rorschach, present ambiguous stimulus on to which people supposedly project their inner feelings
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
people are asked to make up a story about a series of ambiguous pictures
Rorschach inkblot test
10 inkblots that people are asked to interpret, seeking to analyze inner feelings
terror management theory
explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
One of the Big Five personality factors is
agreeableness
Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait?
factor analysis
Although she is intelligent and a good athlete, Abigail believes that her low grades in school and losing the quarter-mile race are reflections of her own intellectual and athletic incompetence. Her conclusion best illustrates
a pessimistic attributional style
Sarah’s optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates
reciprocal determinism
Marcy believes that the outcome of athletic contests depends so much on luck that it hardly pays to put any effort into her own athletic training. Her belief most clearly illustrates
an external locus of control
During a phone call to the Psychic Network, Mark was told that “you often worry about things much more than you admit, even to your best friends.” Mark’s amazement at the psychic’s apparent understanding of his personality best illustrates
the Barnum effect
When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates
the spotlight effect
The MMPI was originally developed to identify
emotional disorders
The social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of personal traits and environment, a process that Albert Bandura called
reciprocal determinism
After experiencing prolonged and seemingly inescapable physical abuse from her husband, Kayla became increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her suffering. Her reaction best illustrates
learned helplessness
The stability of personality during adulthood best illustrates the value of
the trait perspective
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate
self-serving bias
Around the world, people describe others’ personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called
the Big Five
We can better predict drivers’ behavior at traffic lights from knowing the color of the lights than from knowing the drivers’ personalities. This best illustrates the importance of
situational influences
Students perceive themselves as less likely than the average classmate to develop drinking problems or drop out of school. This best illustrates
unrealistic optimism
traits
people's characteristic patterns of behavior
personality inventories
associated with the trait perspective, are questionnaires used to assess personality traits
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Consisting of 10 clinical scales, this is the most widely researched and clinically used personality inventory
empirically derived test
one developed by testing many items to see which best distinguish between groups of interest
social-cognitive perspective
behavior is the result of interactions between people and their social context
reciprocal determinism
According to social-cognitive perspective, personality is shaped through the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
personal control
refers to the extent to which people perceive control over their environment
external locus of control
fate is determined by forces outside of your control
internal locus of control
to a great extent, you control your own destiny
learned helplessness
the passive resignation and perceived lack of control that a person or animal develops from repeated exposure to inescapable aversive events
positive psychology
Focusing on positive emotions, character virtues such as creativity and compassions, and healthy families and neighborhoods (the study of optimal human functioning )
self
the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
spotlight effect
overestimating the extent to which people are noticing/evaluating them
self-esteem
refers to an individual's sense of self worth
self-serving bias
the tendency to perceive oneself favorably
About this deck
By: kenzie hruby
Created: 2010-11-14
Size: 206 flashcards
Views: 244
Created: 2010-11-14
Size: 206 flashcards
Views: 244
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis