Quiz Cards
Microbiology 260 with Dianemauldin at Bellevue Community College
About this deck
By: Scott Clark
Textbook:
Loose Leaf Version of Foundations in Microbiology
Created: 2011-03-07
Size: 261 flashcards
Views: 232
Textbook:
Loose Leaf Version of Foundations in MicrobiologyCreated: 2011-03-07
Size: 261 flashcards
Views: 232
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What agent is non cellular with no organelles?
viruses
What agents have membrane bound organelles?
algae
molds
protozoa
yeast
Which agent is characterized as being single cellular?
bacteria
yeast
protozoa
Which agent usually has peptidoglycan in its cell wall?
bacteria
Which cellular agent has no cell wall?
protozoa
Which agent has chitin in its cell wall?
molds
yeast
Which agent has cellulose in its cell wall?
algae
Which agent is put into classes by how their trophozoites move?
protozoa
Which agent is classified by the spores they generate in fruiting bodies?
molds
Which agent produces endospores?
bacteria
Which agent produces cysts?
protozoa
The genome of this agent can be either DNA or RNA
viruses
Which agent has a nucleoid consisting of one circular chromosome?
bacteria
Which agent has plasmids?
bacteria
yeast
Which agent would atleast have a capsid and a core?
viruses
Which agent is always a intracellular parasite?
viruses
Which agent produces antibiotics?
bacteria
molds
Which agent is composed of hyphae?
molds
Which agent would use spikes to attach to their host cell?
viruses
Which agent would use fimbrae to attach to a host cell?
bacteria
Cells with bacteriochlorophyll engage in this metabolic process.
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Which process uses a pigment that acts as a proton pump?
Archaea photosynthesis
Which process does not use a pigment?
Chemosynthesis
Which process is used by green and purple bacteria to generate sugar?
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Which process only produces ATP (no sugar)?
Archaea photosynthesis
Which process only produces sugar (no ATP)?
Chemosynthesis
Which process uses hydrogen from water to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar?
Oxygenic photosynthesis
Which process uses hydrogen from H2S or H2 to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar?
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Which process takes hydrogen from H2, sulfur compounds and rocks and uses them to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar?
Chemosynthesis
Which process is used by cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes to produce sugar?
Oxygenic photosynthesis
Which process uses O2 as a acceptor at the end of the electron transport system?
Aerobic cellular respiration
Which process uses the oxygen in molecules like sulfates and nitrates as hydrogen acceptors at the end of the electron transport system?
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Which process produces 28 ATPs from a molecule of sugar?
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Which process only generates a net of 2 ATPs from a molecule of sugar?
Fermentation
Which process produces CO2 and water?
Aerobic cellular respiration
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Which process can generate acids, alcohols and CO2?
Fermentation
Which process generates ATP from glycolysis?
Aerobic cellular respiration
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Fermentation
What is the primary limiting factor that detirmines where life can exist?
amount of water
Most bacteria survive a hypotonic environment because
they have a peptidoglycan cell wall
-prefer a hypertonic environment
-would enjoy living in jams and jellies
Osmophiles
On Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), some bacteria can generate a yellow halo from fermenting the sugar mannitol while other bacteria cannot generate a halo. MSA is an example which media type?
differential
SM110 and MSA both inhibit the growth of non-halophiles. Both are examples of which type of media?
selective
Which type of media do we provide the common bacteria we use in our lab?
non-synthetic
Which media inhibits the growth of Gram negative bacteria?
Columbia CNA
Which temperature group includes microbes that cause human diseases?
mesophile
psychrotolerant
Which temperature group could cause food spoilage in the refrigerator?
psychrotolerant
psychrophile
Which temperature group would include extremophiles?
hyperthermophile
Which temperature group has an optimum of 37 degrees celcius?
mesophile
Which process do fermentative cells use to generate ATP?
glycolysis
Which process do oxidative cells use to generate ATP?
electron transport system (ETS)
glycolysis
Kreb's cycle
If bacteria reduce the oxygen in nitrate to water, they are engaging in what metabolic process?
anaerobic cellular respiration
If bacteria reduce oxygen gas to water, they are engaging in what metabolic process?
aerobic cellular respiration
Which metabolic process generates acids, alcohol and gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane?
fermentation
When exposed to oxygen, all cells produce this toxic substance.
superoxide
What enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen?
catalase
A Durham-tube is used to demonstrate the presence of
an acid
a gas
Methyl red is used to determine if
the pH is below 5
What term is used for a cell that is both fermentative and oxidative?
facultative
Which process usually involves changing one nucleotide in one codon?
Mutation
Which process often involves a gene that disrupts a cell's genome by "jumping" to different regions within a chromosome?
Transposition
Gram negative bacteria use a pilus to facilitate this method of gene exchange.
Conjugation
This method of genetic exchange requires a virus.
Transduction
Any dead cell can provide naked DNA for this method of gene exchange.
Transformation
Which method of gene exchange requires "competent" cells?
Transformation
In nature, this is the only method that usually transfers plasmids from one cell to another.
Conjugation
Ultraviolet radiation is the most common cause of this method of genetic change..
Mutation
An example of a point mutation
deletion
insertion
substitution
This would result in a frameshift.
deletion
substitution
Which type of enzyme is produced all of the time?
constitutive enzymes
Which type of enzyme does a cell use to acquire nutrients?
exoenzyme
Which type of enzyme is only produced when it's needed, e.g. when its substrate is present?
induced enzyme
A halo of some kind is typically generated when this type of enzyme is produced.
exoenzyme
What reagent is used to detect starch?
Grams Iodine
What reagent is used to detect indole?
Kovacs reagent
Which stain just stains the background, not the organism?
Negative stain
This staining procedure uses only one positive stain.
Simple stain
Which staining procedure does not include heat-fixing a smear?
Negative stain
Which two stains are considered differential stains?
Gram stain
Endospore stain
Which staining procedure uses crystal violet as the primary stain?
Gram stain
Which two stains use safranin as a counterstain?
Gram stain
Endospore stain
Which staining procedure requires steaming a stain flooded slide?
Endospore stain
Which two stains are used for a capsule stain?
Simple
Negative
The reason we make a smear is to:
-prepare the bacteria for staing
-spread out the bacteria
Preparing a smear for a negative stain involves:
air drying the smear
Preparing a smear for a capsule stain involves:
heat-drying the smear
Preparing a smear for a positive stain involves:
-air-drying the smear
-heat-fixing the smear
What is the advantage of a negative stain smear?
There is very little shrinkage
A smear is ready to be heat-fixed if the smear:
has been air dried
What does heat fixing a smear do?
-helps bacteria absorb the stain
-kills the bacteria
-helps the bacteria stick to the slide
What do stains improve?
Definition
What is being "stained" with a negative stain?
The background
A capsule stain is an example of:
-a combination of negative and simple stain
-a differential stain
What is not true of a simple stain?
Uses multiple stains
But it colors the bacteria, consists of a chromophore, and is attracted to negatively charged structures.
A gram stain differentiates between bacteria because of differences in:
bacterial cell walls (gram+ or gram-)
Which domain includes organisms with prokaryotic cells?
Archaea
Bacteria
Which domain was the first domain to evolve on this planet?
Archaea
The microbial profile organism assigned to you belongs to which domain?
Bacteria
The cells in this domain have membrane bound organelles
Eukarya
If you receive an envelope filled with endopores, cells belonging to this domain will probably infect you.
Bacteria
Cells in this domain typically have a single chromosome organized into a nucleoid.
Archaea
Bacteria
Cells in this domain have their DNA wrapped around histone-like molecules.
Archaea
Cells in this domain have 80s ribosomes.
Eukarya
All cells in this domain have a cell wall with sterols.
Eukarya
Cells in this domain have a unique cell membrane without fatty acids.
Archaea
Cells in this domain usually have cell walls of peptidoglycan.
Bacteria
Cells in this domain have a cell wall that may include an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide.
Bacteria
Cells in this domain have a glycocalyx.
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
What scientist designed an experiment that he used to support Spontaneous Generation? (He assumed boiling kills everything)
John Needham
Which scientist's boiled and sealed flask of broth failed to generate support for biogenesis. The "vital force" couldn't get into the flask.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
What scientist demonstrated that maggots (macroscopic organisms) do not spontaneously generate?
Francesco Redi
What scientist developed a microscope powerful enough to allow microbes to be seen?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
What scientist proved the connection between microbes and disease?
Robert Koch
What scientist was given credit for the first use of the term "cell"?
Robert Hooke
What scientist was a contemporary of Mattias Schleiden and Rudolf Virchow and along with them, contributed to the developement of the cell theory?
Theodor Schwann
What scientist used a swan-necked flask to disprove the spontaneous generation of endospores?
Louis Pasteur
What scientist discovered a way to eliminate "endospores" from growth media?
John Tyndall
What scientist contributed the most to the development of the growth media and pure culture techniques we use in class?
Robert Koch
Where are endospore producing cells typically found?
in soil
When do vegetative cells produce endospores?
when nutrients become depleted
What makes an endospore resistant to chemicals and radiation?
spore coat
What makes an endospore resistant to heat?
dipicolonic acid
high calcium ion concentrations
What is the primary stain used for the endospore stain?
malachite green
What is the counterstain used for the endospore stain?
safranin
Why do you steam your slide while you are applying the stain?
to make the stain penetrate the spore coat
When you've finished applying the endospore stain, what color should the endospore be?
green
It is said that these cells can aquire naked DNA from their environment or can have DNA binding proteins in their cell wall.
Naturally competent cells
Cells that are not naturally competent can be made competent by:
-exposing them to a solution of chloride salts
-exposing them to temperature extremes
Transformed Escherichia coli will be:
blue
ampicillin resistant
Which enzyme inactivates ampicillin and other antibiotics belonging to the same family?
beta-lactamase
This chemical would reduce the number of microbes in your kitchen sink.
disinfectant
When you soak your thumb in alcohol, the alcohol is being used as which type of chemical?
antiseptic
Which chemical is an example of a selective agent?
antibiotc
Selective agents are selective because they:
target something a microbe has that humans don't have
Antibiotics primarily target?
bacteria
What is associated with a clear halo?
beta hemolysis
What was the first antibiotic discovered?
penicillin
Who discovered the first antibiotic?
Alexander Fleming
What agent(s) or procedure(s) were designed specifically to eliminate endospores?
Pasteurization
Tyndallization
This is what you would use to reduce microbes on your skin.
Antiseptic
This is what you would most likely use to clean a sink or toilet.
Disinfectant
This is what you would use if you wanted to remove toxins as well as microbes.
Decontaminant
Boiling is always associated with the use of this agent or procedure.
Tyndallization
When using this agent/procedure, it is understood that only pathogens (disease causing microbes) will be eliminated.
Pasteurization
This agent(s)/ produre(s) is a means of sterilization.
Decontaminant
Tyndallization
The need for this agent/procedure, has been virtually eliminated by the use of pressure cookers and autoclaves.
Tyndallization
What four chemicals are used in making a Gram stain, and how long is each applied?
-Crysal Violet/for 1 minute
-Grams Iodine/for 1 minute
-Alcohol/drop by drop until clear
-Safranin/for 20 seconds
In Gram staining what chemical is the mordant?
Grams Iodine
What does a mordant do?
it combines with the crystal violet to form an insoluble crystalline compound which adheres it to the peptidoglycan cell wall.
In Graim staining what is the counter stain?
Safranin
What does a counterstain do?
Stains the gram negative cells pink
What color is a stained gram positive organism?
purple/violet
What is the purpose of a gram stain?
-to define gram positive cells with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
-to define gram negative cells that have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall with an outer membran
This term only tells you that microbes are present.
Contamination
This term only tells you that microbes have entered the tissue.
Infection
This term describes a disease that is easily spread from one host to another host.
Contagious
This term describes a condition where microbes are found multiplying on the body's surfaces.
Colonization
This term describes the situation where normally benign microbes (e.g., normal body flora) cause disease when the host's immune system is depressed/suppressed.
Opportunistic
This term describes a microbe that originates from a source outside the body (not one of your normal body flora).
Exogenous
This term describes a symbiotic relationship between a microbe and their host that is obligatory.
Mutualism
This term describes a symbiotic relationship that is negative for both the host and the microbe.
Competition
This term describes a symbiotic relationship that is negative for the host and positive for the microbe.
Parasitism
This term describes a symbiotic relationship that is neutral for the host and positive for the microbe.
Commensalism
What line of defense protects you from infection?
1st line of defense
What line of defense protects you from death?
3rd line of defense
Which defense is an example of a flushing action?
coughing
Which defense specifically protects the stomach and the female reproductive tract?
acids
Which defense consists of 20 proteins that protect against microbes in the blood?
complement
Which defense specifically protects cells from viral infections?
interferon
Which defense is found in tears, saliva and secretions of the small intestines?
lysozyme
Macrophages and dendritic cells are part of this defense.
phagocytes
Which defense digests bacterial cell walls?
lysozyme
Which defense uses the tough protein keratin to protect against infection.
skin
By dilating blood vessels and making them more permeable, this defense brings antibodies and white blood cells to a site of infection.
inflammation
This defense lines and protects all open tracts, e.g. the respiratory tract.
mucous membranes
Which defense makes the body inhospitable to mesophile pathogens?
fever
What defense binds to microbe membranes triggering a chain reaction that lyses the microbe?
complement
What chemical is produced by Killer T cells (cytotoxic cells)?
Perforin
What chemical is produced by plasma cells?
Antibodies
What chemical binds to a CD24 receptor and begins the activation of naive B cells?
Interleukin 2
What chemical is produced by macrophages, targets the hypothalamus and causes early flu-like symptoms?
Interleukin 1
What two chemicals target plasma cells?
Gamma Interferon
Interleukin4
What two chemicals must be present for the full activation of Killer T cells?
Gamma Interferon
Interleukin 2
What chemical represents the "humeral" arm of your immune response (non-cellular)?
Antibodies
What antibody is produced first?
Ig M antibodies
After class switching, these antibodies will represent 80% of your antibodies.
Ig D antibodies
What antibody protects your surface membranes and is found in mother's milk?
Ig A antibodies
What antibody can cross the placenta?
Ig G antibodies
What antibody is found on the surface of B cells and is considered a B cell receptor?
Ig D antibodies
What receptor is part of the surveillance process by which cells examine their internal environment for infecting microbes and present epitopes from those microbes to killer cells?
MHC 1 receptor
What receptor would be used to recognize a whole bacterium in the blood?
Antibody receptor (Ig)
Interleukin 2 binds to this receptor.
CD 24 receptor
The B-7 receptor binds to this receptor.
CD 28 receptor
Which receptor is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells after they have determined a bacterium is dangerous?
B-7 receptor
What receptor on a Killer/cytotoxic T cell attaches to the MHC receptor of the infected cell, the T cell intends to kill?
CD 8 receptor
What two receptors are found only on B cells?
Antibody receptor (Ig)
CD 24 receptor
What receptor would present an epitope from something a macrophage or naive B cell had eaten?
MHC 2 receptor
What receptor does a dendritic cell or macrophage use to distinguish "dangerous" microbes from "harmless" microbes?
Toll-like receptor
What receptor is only found on the cell membranes of B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells?
MHC 2 receptor
What receptor is found on all cells except red blood cells and determines "self"?
MHC 1 receptor
Which process generates ATP from a Kreb's cycle?
Aerobic cellular respiration
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Most of the cells in this domain use plasmids to share DNA.
Archaea and Bacteria
Cells in this domain have a cell wall that includes an S layer.
Archaea
Cells in this domain often use undulipodia to move from place to place.
Eukarya
Transformation of E. coli, the two control plates are designed to show what three things about the E. coli we were given for this lab?
living E. coli
white colonies
ampicillin sensitive cells
What virulence factor(s) improves a microbe's invasiveness?
fimbriae
glycocalyx
spikes
What factor(s) is associated with bacteria?
fimbriae
glycocalyx
What factor is associated with viruses?
spikes
Capsules are examples of this factor.
glycocalyx
Hemaglutinin is an example of this factor.
spikes
This factor is associated with biofilm production.
glycocalyx
What chemical digests the protein fibers found in connective tissue?
collagenase
What chemical digests the cementing substance between cells?
hyaluronidase
What chemical digests protective protein found in skin surface cells?
keratinase
What chemical triggers the digestion of blood clots?
streptokinase
What chemical kills white blood cells?
leukocidin
What chemical thickens body fluids to slow the movement of white blood cells?
coagulase
What chemical allows dematophytes such as ringworm to penetrate an important 1st line of defense?
keratinase
What toxin is associated with the outer membrane lipopolysaccharide of Gram negative bacteria?
Endotoxin
What toxin can be converted to a toxoid and used as a vaccine?
Exotoxin
What toxin is very specific, e.g. neurotoxins and enterotoxins?
Exotoxin
What toxin triggers the compliment chain reaction that leads to inflammation?
Endotoxin
What toxin is associated with both tetanus and E. coli O157-H7 infections?
Exotoxin
When a patient describes their headache and sore throat to a doctor, they are describing:
the symptoms of their disease
A patient's white blood cell count is about 500/ml. This count represents?
leukopenia
When a microbe is found throughout the body:
systemic
This term describes diseases like Leprosy and AIDS that developed over a long period of time.
chronic
This term describes diseases like Malaria and Genital herpes where signs and symptoms alternate with a period of inactivity.
latent
This term describes diseases like Ebola where there is a rapid onset of signs and symptoms.
Acute
When a microbe is multiplying inside of you but you have not as yet developed signs or symptoms.
incubation period
When a person is developing the characteristic signs and symptoms of a disease.
invasive phase
When the patient is suffering from the worst disease signs and symptoms.
acute
When the host's immune system begins destroying the microbe.
decline phase
Which chemical represents a mix of antibodies?
gamma globulin
Which chemical would only slow the spread of a viral infection within a host?
interferon
Which chemical is most often used to prevent viral infections?
vaccine
Which chemical can be used to treat either a bacterial or viral infection?
gamma globulin
With few exceptions, this chemical is used to treat bacterial infections.
antibiotics
This would be the primary treatment for rabies.
vaccine
Which chemical is typically generated in a horse?
gamma globulin
Which chemical is typically generated in cell cultures or chicken eggs?
vaccine
This would be used to generate artificially acquired active immunity.
vaccine
This would be used to generate artificially acquired passive immunity.
gamma globulin
What chemical is produced by plasma cells?
gamma globulin
What chemical is produced by white blood cells and fibroblasts (connective tissue cells)?
interferon
What chemical is produced by bacteria and molds?
antibiotics
Convalescent serum would be used as a source of this chemical.
gamma globulin
Which route of transmission is most often associated with common source epidemics?
food or waterborne
Which route of transmission is associated with propagated epidemics?
airborne
direct contact
Which route of transmission is most likely to cause a pandemic?
airborne
Which route of transmission is least likely to cause an epidemic?
inoculation
Which route of transmission usually involves an insect vector?
inoculation
This term refers to any living organism colonized or infected by a microbe.
host
This term refers to any living organism that transmits a disease.
vector
This term only refers to a human that transmits a disease.
carrier
What term refers to a non-living object that transmits a disease?
fomite
What term refers to where in nature you would most likely find a microbe replicating.
resevoir
Which disease status typically requires that a disease host be mobile and the disease be contagious?
pandemic
Which disease status requires a threshold size population?
endemic
Which status requires that a disease spread to at least two continents?
pandemic
Which of the following terms refers to the number of new cases of a disease per week, month or year?
incidence
About this deck
By: Scott Clark
Textbook: Loose Leaf Version of Foundations in Microbiology
Created: 2011-03-07
Size: 261 flashcards
Views: 232
Textbook:
Loose Leaf Version of Foundations in MicrobiologyCreated: 2011-03-07
Size: 261 flashcards
Views: 232
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis