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- University of Minnesota - Twin Cities
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Medicine 6299
- Porter
- Respiratory Pathology: Anatomy & Histology
Respiratory Pathology: Anatomy & Histology
Veterinary Medicine 6299 with Porter at University of Minnesota - Twin Cities
About this deck
By: Carrie McCraw
Created: 2011-10-02
Size: 64 flashcards
Views: 4
Created: 2011-10-02
Size: 64 flashcards
Views: 4
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What are the 3 parts that the respiratory system is divided into?
- Conducting
- Transitional
- Gas exchange
Why are the systems vulnerable to injury?
Constant exposure to microbes, particles, and toxic gases
What is included in the conducting system?
Nasal, paranasal, trachea, and bronchi
The conducting system is lined by what cells?
Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium, and variable secretory goblet cells (mucous cells) and serous cells
What divides the nasal cavity?
Nasal septum
What is the purpose of the turbinates in the nasal cavity?
Increase surface area
Where are the nares located?
Rostral openings
Where are the choanae located?
Caudal connection to the nasopharynx
Name the 3 functions of the nasal cavity:
- Carry air
- Modify air (temperature, humidity, particulate removal)
- Olfaction
What is the anatomy of the nasal mucosa?
Vascularized, prominent tubular sermucinous glands
What percentage of total respiratory resistance does the nasal cavity account for?
50% (pathology can result in significant changes in airway resistance)
What happens to the paranasal sinuses during disease?
Small orifices are occluded by inflammation causing chronic sinusitis
Where is the nasopharynx located?
Between the nasal cavity and larynx
Where do many inhaled Ag's/microorganisms initially impact?
Nasopharynx
Where is a potential site of airway resistance when occluded or swollen?
Larynx
What conducting system has cervical and thoracic segments that are under different pressures during inspiration and expiration?
Trachea (weakened wall may cause obstruction)
What percentage of airflow resistance in the lung is within the 1st 4-7 divisions of the bronchial tree?
80% (small changes in lumen diameter can cause large increases in resistance to airflow)
What is included in the transitional system?
Bronchioles
T/F: In the brochioles there is a progressive decrease in ciliated epithelium and mucus cells from proximal to terminal.
True
T/F: Goblet cells are present in the terminal bronchioles.
False, goblet cells are absent in the terminal bronchioles
T/F: Individual bronchioles are susceptible to obstruction?
True, no cartilage in the wall to prevent collapse
T/F: The combined cross-sectional area of the brochioles is very small.
False, it is very large (so must have diffuse obstruction for clincial resistance)
What is included in the gas exchange system?
Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
Which type of pneumocyte are the alveoli primarily lined by?
Type I
What is the alveolar blood-air barrier composed of?
Type I pneumocytes, alveolar interstitium, basement membranes, and capillary endothelium
Damage to alveolar septa results in:
Thickened barrier to gas exchange
What does alveolar interstitium contain?
Elastic fibers, small collegen bundles, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, mast cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages
What is the name of the ventral diverticulum of the auditory canal that is a common site of infection in horses?
Guttural pouch
What species lack respiratory bronchioles?
Mice and rats
What species have short respiratory bronchioles?
Ruminants, pigs, guinea pigs, and rabbits
What species have well-developed respiratory bronchioles?
Carnivores and primates
T/F: In birds the choanal slit in the upper palate communicates directly with the nasal cavity.
True (all birds have)
What 2 anatomical structures in birds communicate directly with the nasal cavity?
Choanal slit and soft-walled infraorbital sinus
What are several differences between avian and mammalian respiratory tracts?
Birds have a choanal slit, soft walled infraorbital sinus, air sacs, and counter current air exchange
What are the steps in avian air flow?
Trachea--> dorsal/ventral bronchi--> parabronchi--> air capillaries--> blood capillaries
T/F: Avascular air sacs exchange oxygen.
False, they do not exchange oxygen but serve as bellows
How many cycles of air movement are there in avian respiration?
Two (with unidirectional air movement)
How many air sacs do most birds have?
Nine
How does a given volume of air travel through the avian respiratory system?
- 1st inhilation: trachea--> intrapulmonary bronchus--> posterior air sacs
- 1st exhilation: posterior air sacs--> lungs
- 2nd inhilation: lungs--> anterior air sacs
- 2nd exhilation: anteroir air sacs--> trachea
What cell type lines the nasal opening and anterior larynx?
Squamous epithelium
What is the predominant epithelium of the conducting system (lines nasal, paranasal sinuses, trachea, and bronchi)
Ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What cell type forms a viscoelastic material made up of water, glycoproteins, and lipids?
Mucous cells (goblet cells)
What portions of the respiratory tract do not produce mucus?
Alveoli
What portion of the nasal cavity provides smell and can bioactivate chemicals into potentially toxic intermediate forms?
Olfactory sensory epithelium
Which reserve cells in large upper airways can give rise to ciliated epithelium in response to injury?
Basal cells
Which cells cover lymphiod tissue at junction of bronchi and bronchioles?
M cells
Which bronchiolar cell secretes a proteinaceous fluid?
Clara cells
T/F: Clara cells can serve as stem cells if bronchioles are injured.
True, they replace ciliated and non-ciliated cells
Clara cells are rich in smooth ER to metabolize what substances?
Endogenous & exogenous (can create reactive metabolites from inhaled substances)
T/F: Type I pneomocytes are thick membranous epithelium that cover over 95% alveolar surface area.
False, they are thin
What is the order of gas exchange in the alveoli?
Oxygen--> alveolar epithelium--> basement membrane--> interstitum--> basement membrane--> endothelium--> bloodstream
T/F: Type I pneumocytes are very susceptible to injury.
True (terminally differentiated so cannot renew/divide)
T/F: Type II pneumocytes have cilia.
False, they are cuboidal with microvilli
T/F: Type II pneumocytes are metabolically active.
True
What is the name of the complex of phospholipids and proteins secreted by type II pneumocytes?
Surfactant
What is the role of surfactant?
Coats alveolar surfaces to reduce surface tension, preventing lung collapse during expiration
How do surfactant proteins enhance phagocytosis?
Activate macrophages
What cells serve as stem cells to replace type I pneumocytes?
Type II pneumocytes
What happens if type II pneumocytes become hyperplastic?
Creates barrier to gas diffusion
Which cells transport soluble compounds, water, and gases?
Endothelial cells
Endothelial cells are the ititial permeability barrier between what?
Capillary lumen and pulmonary interstitium
Besides clara cells, what other cells also metabolize endogenous and exogenous substances?
Endothelial cells
Where are macrophages located?
Alveoli, interstitium, and capillaries
What is the most predominant Ab produced in the air conduction system and how does the Ab function?
Secretory IgA; provides protection against microbes that multiply in body secretions
About this deck
By: Carrie McCraw
Created: 2011-10-02
Size: 64 flashcards
Views: 4
Created: 2011-10-02
Size: 64 flashcards
Views: 4
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj