Respiratory System
Biology 1106 with Simmons at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
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Major physiological challenge facing multicellular animals
Obtaining sufficient oxygen and disposing of excess carbon dioxide
To optimize the rate of Diffusion R
-Increase surface area
-decrease distance
-increase concentration difference of P
Amphibians respire:
across their skin
Insects have a
extensive tracheal system
Mammals have a large network of ______ made up of _______ and ________.
alveoli; bronchi; bronchioles
2 disadvantages of gills
-must be constantly moved to ensure contact with oxygen rich fresh water
-easily damaged
Buccal/mouth and the opercular cavities function as
pumps that alternately expand to move water into the mouth through open mouth/gill cover
Blood flows _________ the direction of water movement resulting in a countercurrent flow. This ________ the change in pressure and maximizes the oxygenation of blood.
Opposite; increases
Terrestrial arthropods have air ducts called _______ which branch into smaller ______ that are in direct contact with individual cells
Trachea; tracheoles
Lungs replaced gills because:
- air is less supportive then water
- water evaporates
The lung minimizes evaporation by:
moving air through a branched tubular passage
Lungs are/are not a better adaptation for terrestrial environments?
ARE
_____ have the most efficient terrestrial system
Birds
partial pressure
the proportion of the total atmospheric pressure contributed by a particular type of gas
at 6000 m the atmospheric pressure is
380 mmHg
Lungs of mammals are packed with millions of ____ which are...
Alveoli; sites of gas exchange
passage of air to the Alveoli
Larynx--> glottis--> trachea--> L and R Bronchi--->bronchioles--> alveoli and capillaries
Gas exchange occurs in cells that come from the pulmonary _____ and are then leave through the pulmonary ______.
Artery; Vein
_____ must diffuse into the RBC before _____ can diffuse out
Oxygen; Carbon Dioxide
Blood returning from ______ circulation is depleted in oxygen and has a partial oxygen pressure of ______
Systemic; 40 mmHg
Visceral Pleural Membrane
covers the outside of each lung
Parietal Pleural Membrane
Lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity
Pleural Cavity
Space between visceral and parietal membranes, small and filled with fluid
Inhalation is passive (T/F), while Exhalation requires energy (T/F)
False, false
Inhalation requires energy Exhalation is passive
Tidal Volume
Volume of air moving in and out of lungs in a person @ rest
Vital Capacity
Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a forceful inspiration
Hypoventilation
insufficient breathing
--Blood has abnormally high PCO2
Hyperventilation
Excessive breathing
-- Blood has abnormally low PCO2
Respiratory control center: Location and Function
Initiates Breaths; located in Medulla Oblongata
In what cases can the muscles of breathing, usually controlled automatically, be over ridden
holding your breath, or hyperventilation
--> Leads go Shallow Water Blackout
Rise in PCO2 results in
Increased production of carbonic acid, lowering of blood pH, increase rate of breathing
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:
disorder that obstructs airflow on a long term basis
Ex: Asthma
Lung Cancer is mainly caused by ______ and follows/ accompanies _______. It spreads so rapidly that it has usually invaded other organs by the time its diagnosed (T/F)
Cigarette smoking; COPD; True
hemoglobin
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen-- forming oxyhemoglobin
•At a blood PO2of 100 mm Hg, hemoglobin is ______% saturated
97%
Hemoglobin leaves how much O2 in the blood as a reserve?
3-4/5ths
The body's reserve of O2 in the blood is used to:
supply bodys need for oxygen during exertion
Myoglobin
The oxygen holding protein of the muscle cells
Hemoglobins affinity for O2 is affected by _______ and __________.
pH and Temperature
Bohr shift (pH effect)
decrease in pH allows for increase in blood oxygen (same occurs with temp increase)
About 8% of _____ in blood is dissolved plasma
CO2
20% of CO2 in blood is bound to hemoglobin, this is called
Carbahemoglobin
72% if CO2 diffuses into _____ through the enzyme ________.
Red Blood Cells; carbonic Anhydrase
Diving Reflex
an adaptation in marine mammals for diving in cold water and to remain underwater for long periods.
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