Review for final exam
Communication 201 with Levine at University of Tennessee - Knoxville
About this deck
By: Jenny Rice
Textbook:
Human Communication: Principles and Contexts
Created: 2011-05-08
Size: 157 flashcards
Views: 150
Textbook:
Human Communication: Principles and ContextsCreated: 2011-05-08
Size: 157 flashcards
Views: 150
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what is communication?
the process of creating meaning between two or more people
describe the basic model of communication
sender-speaker
encode-creating message
message-what you hear
noise-channel or semantic
channels-hearing, writing
decode-defining
receiver-you
from receiver to sender is your feedback
uncertainty reduction theory
- reduce uncertainty of communication when meeting someone new
- use knowlege of other people to decide how to communicate with person you are speaking with
what are the three phases of uncertainty reduction theory
entry phase- use society's norms and rules
personal phase- understand attitudes and beliefs
exit phase- was it a successful communication event and should i try again?
social exchange theory
- like bargaining
- find a balace of energy put into the relationship
- exchange of resources
- like bargaining
social penetration theory
- peeling back the layers of a person like an onion
- this is how and why you can scare people away
norm of reciprocity
respond without the same deepness-this means you violate the social penetration theory
why is human communication important?
has been linked to physical wellbeing and associated with definition of self
input
all the stimuli, both past and present, that give us our information about the world
verbal message
any type of spoken communication that uses one or more words
intentional verbal messages
the conscious attempts we make to communicate with others through speech
unintentional verbal messages
the things we say without meaning to
nonverbal messages
they are all the messages we transmit without words or over and above the words we use
intentional nonverbal messages
the nonverbal messages we want to transmit
unintentional nonverbal messages
all those nonverbal aspects of our behavior transmitted without control
interference or noise
anything that distorts the information transmitted to the receiver or distracts him or her from receiving it
technical interference
refers to the factors that cause the receiver to perceive distortion in the intended information or stimuli
semantic interference
the receiver does not attribute the same meaning to the signal that the sender does
feedback
the return to you of behavior you have generated
interpersonal communication
the basic unit of communication
intercultural communication
communication between members of different cultures
culture
way of life developed and shared by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation
interview
a communication transaction that emphasizes questions and answers
small-group communication
the process by which three or more members of a group exchange verbal and nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another
public communication
requires that the speaker do significantly more preparation and should expect a more formalized setting than in two-person or small-group communication
organizational communication
the flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships
mass communication
communication that is mediated and is also the most formal
effective communication
when the stimulus as it was initiated and intended by the sender, or source, corresponds closely to the stimulus as it is perceived and responded to by the receiver
understanding
accurate reception of the content of the intended stimulus
selective perception
you tend to organize stimuli selectively-that is you order the stimuli with which you are presented into a complete, sensible picture
self concept
your relatively stable impressions of yourself
looking glass self
you evaluate yourself primarily on the basis of how you think others perceive and evaluate you
self esteem
your feelings of self worth
self-fulfilling prophecy
these people self to confirm their own expectations so that a favorable self concept may lead to success, an unfavorable self concept to failure
behavior attribution
you see your own behavior as a sequence of responses to the demands of a given situation, but you view the same behavior in others as generated by their disposition
private theory of personality
how we select and organize information about other people on the basis of what behaviors we think go together
primacy effect
the first information we receive about a person is the most decisive in forming our impression
expressiveness
dimension of nonverbal communication that influences our first impressions, has been linked with animation, dynamism, expansiveness, and intensity of both nonverbal and verbal behaviors
stereotype
generalization about a class of people, objects, or events that is widely held by a given culture
empathy
experiencing the other's perception- that is, seeing and feeling things as the other does
selective attention
the ability to process certain of the stimuli available to us while filtering out others
nonverbal communication
communication without words
types of nonverbal communication
- verbal/vocal communication-communication through the spoken word
- verbal/nonvocal communication-words are involved but no speaking takes place
- nonverbal/vocal communication-groans, or vocalizations, constitute it
- nonverbal/nonvocal communication-involoves only genstures and appearance
kinesic slips
contradictory verbal and nonverbal messages
personal space
a person's portable territory, which each individual carries along wherever he or she may go
proxemics
the study of how human beings communicate through their use of space
4 levels of personal space
1. intimate distance- 18 inches or less
2. personal distance- 18 inches to 4 feet
3. social distance- 4 to 12 feet
4. public distance- 12 feet or more
high contact culture
touch each other more often, sit or stand closer to each other, make more eye contact, and speak louder
low contact culture
touch each other less often, maintain more interpersonal distance, and are more indirect in facing each other and in their eye contact
orientation
angle of your body as you interact with another person
chronemics
how human beings communicate through their use of time
what is the single most important source of nonverbal communication
facial cues
hand gestures
second most important form of nonverbal communication
touch avoidance
a negative attitude toward touch that also affects your proxemic behavior and other types of nonverbal communication
vocal qualities
pitch, range, resonance, lip control, and articulation control
rate of speech
number of words you utter within a specified time
pitch
the frequency level of the voice
monochronic time
linear and segmented
polychronic time
many things are going on at once
leakage
signals of deception
symbol
something used for or regarded as representing something else
denotation
the primary associations a word has for most members of a given linguistic community
connotation
other secondary associations a word has for one or more members of that community
semantic differential
can test a persons reaction to any concept or term
shared meaning
requires some correspondence between the message as perceived by the sender and the receiver
overlapping codes
codes which provide an area of commonality but which also contain areas of unshared codification
codeswitching
shifting to different styles and introducing shifts in vocabulary or syntax
encoding
an internal activity in which verbal and nonverbal behaviors are selected and arranged according to the rules of grammar and syntax applicable to the language being used to create a message
decoding
the receivers internal processing of a message and the attribution of meaning to the source's behaviors that represent the source's internal state of being
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
the world is perceived differently by members of communities and that this perception is transmitted and sustained by language
euphemism
substitute mild, vague, or less emotionally charged terms for more blunt ones
metacommunication
communication about communication
conflict
an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals
what are the levels of conflict
intrapersonal conflict
interpersonal conflict
intragoup conflict
intergroup conflict
inrapersonal conflict
conflict that takes place within the individual
ex-ideas, attitudes, emotions
interpersonal conflict
conflict that occurs between individuals
ex-btw friends, roommates, family
intragroup conflict
conflict that occurs within a small group
intergroup conflict
occurs between groups
ex-government
underresponsiveness
failure to acknowledge or den the presence of a conflict following a statement or inquiry about the conflict by a partner
semantic focus
person trying to avoid conflict focuses on what is being said, then makes statements about what the words mean or how to characterize the ongoing conflict and this discussion of words
competition
one party tries to use aggression or power to beat the other party
presumptive attribution
making statements that attribute to the other person feelings, thoughts, or motives that he or she does not acknowledge
accommodation
the person suppresses his or her substantive needs and emphasizes harmony with the other party
avoidance
avoid saying things that will escalate the conflict
compromise
both parties give in a little bit to reach a solution they both agree on
collaboration
requires the highest level of commitment to the relationship
involves a high degree of concern for achieving the goal of both parties
negotiation
another set of methods for resolving conflicts between and among people
principled negotiation
deciding an issue based on its merits rather than by taking positions and trying to get the other party to come to our position
ethics
the study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person
golden mean
according to Aristotle, morality is to be found in moderation and considers each virtue as the mean, the middle path between two extremes
the categorical imperative
according the Kant, a command or obligation to act that is absolute- one with no exceptions or conditions
makes certain behaviors unacceptable under any circumstances
utilitarianism
lace primary value on the outcomes or consequences of our actions
justice and the veil of ignorance
parties do not know the particular circumstances of their own society
whistleblowing
member of a group makes a charge about the violation of ethical standards or norms within that group itself
leaks
previously unknowing information is made know to others, but its source remains anonymous
situationalist
reject idea of moral rule
subjectivists
reject moral rule
absolutists
people will not lie if they thing it is wrong
exceptionists
like absolutist but understand we don't follow moral rules at certain times
proximity
geographic closeness
perceived reciprocity of liking
whether you feel that the people you like also like you
context
the setting and the social psychological environment in which communication takes place and relationships develop
setting
physical environment
communication climate
social-psychological context
confirmation
any behavior that causes another person to value himself more
disconfirmation
one of the most damaging interpersonal responses
says in effect "you do not exist"
defensiveness
behaviors used to protect ourselves from what we perceive to be a threat
empathy
perception and communication by resonance, by identification, by experiencing ourselves some reflection of the emotional tone that is being experienced by the other person
time
required for all the qualities of a relationship, regardless of its nature, in order to develop and evolve
breadth
the variety of topics communicated
depth
the intimacy of what is communicated
trust
the belief or feeling that no harm will come from the other in the relationship
affection
the love/hate aspect of the relationship
control
a second and independent dimension that has two poles: dominance and submission
initiating
refers to the very first attempts you make at conversation with a new person
experimenting
the phase in which you try sample conversational topics in an attempt to gain some knowledge of the other person
intensifying
marks the beginning of intimacy, sharing personal information, and the beginning of greater informality
integrating
takes place when two people begin to consider themselves a couple
bonding
formal or ritualistic stage that may take the form of engagement or marriage
differentiating
occurs when two people decide that perhaps their relationship may be too confining
circumscribing
refers to the stage in which couples begin to reduce the frequency and intimacy of their communication
stagnating
reflects the increasing deteriorations of a relationship that the participants are trying to hold together
avoiding
a coping tactic to minimize the pain of experiencing a totally deteriorated relationship
terminating
the final stage in a relationship
relationship dissolution
how people choose to break up with each other and the communication strategies they use to accomplish this
intrapsychic phase
the first phase in the breakdown of a relationship that is usually internal
dyadic phase
the phase that is "the interpersonal mess" and the time when people actually confront each other
social phase
in this phase people start seeking advice from others in their social network about their decision
grave dressing phase
phase where we turn to others to justify self to get over our distress
family
networks of people who share their lives over long periods of time, who are bound by ties of marriage, blood, or commitment, legal or otherwise, who consider themselves as family, and who share future expectations of connected relationship
gender
characteristics distinguishing between make and female
cohesion
refers to how closely connected or bonded family members are
norms
rules, whether implicit, or explicit, about behavior
roles
set of norms that applies to a specific subclass within the society
interrole conflict
conflict occupying two or more roles that entail contradictory expectations about a given behavior
intrarole conflict
conflict that involves contradictory expectations concerning a single role
dialectical approach
views relationships in terms of sets of contradictory or opposing impulses that create tension between two people
self-disclosure
intentionally making known information about oneself
Johari window
one of the most innovated models for conceptualizing levels of awareness and self-disclosure in human communication
4 quadrants of Jahari window
open quadrant
blind quadrant
hidden quadrant
unknown quadrant
open quadrant
quadrant that comprises all aspects of yourself known to yo and to others
blind quadrant
quadrant that consists of all the things about yourself that other people perceive but are not accessible to you
hidden quadrant
quadrant that is made up of all the things you prefer not to disclose to someone else
unknown quadrant
quadrant where everything is unknown. it represents everything about yourself that has never been explored, either by you or by other people
intimacy
feelings that promote closeness, bondedness, and connectedness
dyadic effect
when one person discloses something about himself or herself to another, he or she tends to elicit a reciprocal level of openness in the second person
love styles
eros
ludus
storge
pragma
mania
agape
eros
passionate love style
ludus
a game playing love style
storge
a friendship based love style
pragma
a practical love style
mania
a possessive, dependent love style
agape
a selfless, all giving love
commitment
the resolve to continue in a relationship indefinitely and to make the efforts necessary to ensure that it will continue
what three things make up the triangular theory of love
intimacy, passion, and commitment
status
the position of an individual in relation to another or others
power
the capacity to influence the behavior of others and to resist their influence on oneself
About this deck
By: Jenny Rice
Textbook: Human Communication: Principles and Contexts
Created: 2011-05-08
Size: 157 flashcards
Views: 150
Textbook:
Human Communication: Principles and ContextsCreated: 2011-05-08
Size: 157 flashcards
Views: 150
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy