SCI

A SCIENTIFIC FIELD STUDY

ECOLOGY

WATER BUFFALO

K-SELECTED EXAMPLE

THE VARIABLE IN AN EXPERIMENT THAT IS MANIPULATED

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

EXPECTATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL OUTCOME

PREDICTION

AN EXPERIMENT WHERE A RESEARCHER ACTIVIELY CHOOSES AND CHANGES A VARIABLE

MANIPULATIVE

UNITS USED TO MEASURE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN YOUR TEXT BOOK

HECTARES

BOCANOES FORMED HERE

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

ANT

R-SELECTED EXAMPLE

EARTHQUAKE CAUSED BY

SLIP STRIKE FAULT

TINY NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES

ELECTRONS

ATOMS WITH A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CHARGE

IONS

COMBINATIONS OF ATOMS HELD TOGETHER BY BONDS

MOLECULES

ATOMS OF AN ELEMENT WITH DIFFERENT ATOMIC MASSES

ISOTOPES

THE SMALLEST COMPONETS OF ELEMENTS THAT STILL MAINTAIN THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENT

ATOM

ENVIRONMENTALISM IS A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING ENVIROMENTAL PROBLEMS (TorF)

FALSE

PREDATION ALWAYS INVOLVES THE DIRECT KILLING OF ONE SPECIES BY ANOTHER (TorF)

FALSE

ALL ISOTOPES ARE RADIOACTIVE AND CONSTITUTE SERIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS (TorF)

FALSE

IF I HAVE 6 UNEXCUSED ABSENCES IN THIS CLASS THE INSTRUCTOR CAN DROP ME FROM THE CLASS (TorF)

FALSE

K-SELECTED SPECIES TEND TO HAVE POPULATIONS NEAR CARRYING CAPACITY (TorF)

TRUE

ENDEMIC SPECIES FACE RELATIVELY HIGH RISK OF EXTINCTION (TorF)

TRUE

THE DISAPPEARANCE OF A SPECIES FROM EARTH IS CALLED ADAPTATION (TorF)

FALSE

IN MUTUALISM, ONE SPECIES BENEFITS AND THE OTHER IS UNAFFECTED (TorF)

FALSE

THE CUMULATIVE TOTAL AND KIND OF LIVING THINGS ON EARTH IS ITS BIODIVERSITY (TorF)

TRUE

IN A WATER MOLECULE A CHEMICAL BOND CONNECTS EACH OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM TO THE OXYGEN ATOM (TorF)

TRUE

NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS WITHIN A POPULATION PER UNIT AREA IS A COMMUNITY (TorF)

FALSE

A_______IS A WIDELY ACCEPTED, WELL TESTED EXPLANATION OF ONE OR MORE CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS THAT HAVE BEEN RIGOROUSLY TESTED

THEORY

THE TOTAL SUM OF OUR SURROUNDINGS THE____IS IMPACTED BY LIVING AND NONLIVING THINGS

ENVIRONMENT

THE SYSTEMATIC PROCESS FOR LEARNING ABOUT THE WORLD AND TESTING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF IT CALLED____

SCIENCE

_____CAN CHANGE THE POSITION PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OR TEMPERATURE OF MATTER

ENERGY

IN THE PROCESS OF ____ AUTOTROPHS SUCH AS GREEN ALGAE AND PLANTS USE THE SUNS ENERGY, WATER, AND CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE AIR TO PRODUCE NEW BIOMASS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

DARWIN PROPOSED THE MECHANISM OF ___ TO EXPLAIN HOW ORGANISMS ADAPT TO THIEIR ENVIRONMENT THROUGH GENETIC CHANGES

NATURAL SELECTION

THE THEORY OF ____EXPLAINS HOW VOLCANOES ARE FORMED AND WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKES

TECTONIC PLATES

A____IS MANY INTERACTION SPECIES THAT LIVE IN THE SAME AREA

COMMUNITY

INDIVIDUALS OF A SINGLE SPECIES FIGHTING OVER ACCESS TO A LIMITING RESOUCE IS ONE EXAMPLE OF _____COMPETITION

INTRA-SPEICES

THE TWO PROCESSES THAT DETERMINE THE WORLDS CURRENT BOIDIVERSITY ARE EXTICTION AND __________

SPECIATION

NAME TWO TRANSFORMATION EVENTS OF PAST 10,000 YEARS THAT CAUSED HUMAN POP SIZE TO INREASE?EXPLAIN THE CONTRIBUTIONS THAT MADE TO HUMAN POP GROWTH

AGRICUALURED REVOLUTION-STEADY FOOD SUPPLY

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-STEADY INCOME

WHY DOES CHEMISTRY PLAY A CENTRAL ROL IN EXAMING ENVIRONMENATL ISSUES? PROVIDE AN EX THAT ILLUSTRATES HOW CHEMISTRY HELP SOLVE ENVIR. PROBLEM

EVERYTHING IS MADE OF CHEMICALS

CHEMICSL ARE USED TO TREAT WASTE WATER

IS A CARRYING CAPACITY A FIXED ENTITY? DISCUSS THE ROLE OF HUMANS IN REGULATING CARRYING CAPACITY FOR THE HUMAN SPECIES AND IN ALTERING THE CARRY ING CAPACITY FOR OTHER SPEICES

NOT A FIXEX ENTITRY-HUMANS USE TECH. TO CHANGE CARRYING CAPACITY, HABITAT LOSS CHAIN TO DEVELOPMENT WOULD CHANGE CARRYING CAPACITY

DISCUSS THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INTRASPECIFIC AND INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION

INTRA-2 OF THE SAME SPECIES

INTER-2 DIFFERENT SPECIES

WHAT TYPE OF ROCK WOULD BE FORMED FROM A VOLCANIC ERUPTION

IGNEAS

WHAT IS THE PROCESS THAT TURNS SEDIMENTS INTO ROCKS

CONPACTION, PRESSURE

LIST TWO WAYS IN WHICH A ROCK CAN BECOME METAMORPHIC

HEAT AND PRESSURE

HOW MANY TIMES CAN A MINERAL GO THROUGH THIS CYCLE

UNLIMITED

HOW MANY CITIZENS OF MEXCIO DOES IT TAKE TO EQUAL THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF THE AVERAGE CITIZEN OF THE US

9.4/3.4=2.76

IF THE WORLD AVERAGE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IS ABOUT 2.7 HECTARES PER PERSON WHICH OF THESE COUNTRIES ARE EXCEEDING THIS

US, MEXICO,CANADA,FRANCE, ISRAL

WHICH OF THE CONTRIES SHOWN ARE BELOW THE WORLD AVERAGE

BRAZIL, AFGHAN, HAITI,AND OTHERS

WHATS IS THE GPI FOR 1982 IN TRILLIONS OF 1996 DOLLARS

2.3

WHAT IS THE ENVIRONMENTAL COST FOR 1982 IN TILLIONS OF 1996

5.8-3.5=2.3

WHY DO YOU THINK THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC COSTS HAVE GONE UP SO MUCH SINCE 1952

DRUG USE, SOCIAL WELFARE, UNWED MOTHERS, MEDICARE

A PARADIGM IS

IS A DOMINANT VIEW IN SCIENCE

DRISHTI & DURJAY ARE HAVING A DISCUSSION ABOUT THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD. DRISHTI MAKES THE COMMENT THAT EVERYTIME SHE SEES PEOPLE CARRYING OPEN UMBRELLAS, SHE ALSO SEES SEVERAL SMALL CAR ACCIDENTS

OBSERVATION

THE PROCESS BY WHICH SEVERAL RESEARCHERS REVIEW ANOTHER RESEARCHERS MANUSCRIPT PRIOR TO PUBLICATION TO ENSURE RESEARCH QUALITY IS REFRRED TO AS

PEER REVIEW

____ IS DEFINED AS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS OR THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS

ATOMIC NUMBER

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING REPRESENTS AN EXAMPLE OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN---->WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE+ ENERGY

____ ARE COMPOSED OF AMINO ACIDS

PROTEINS

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DESCRIBES A PROPERTY OF WATER

DISSOLVES MANY CHEMICALS NECESSARY FOR LIFE

RIVER WATER HELD BEHIND A DAM IS BEST DESCRIBED AS A FORM OF

POTENTIAL ENERGY

PLANTS CONDUCT PHOTOSYNTHESIS MAKING GLUCOSE AND OTHER CARBOHYDRATES TO DO THIS THEY NEED

WATER FROM THE SOIL AND CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE ATMOSPHERE

THE MAJOR ASSIGNMENT FOR THIS COURSE IS

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRECIPITATION THAT IS ACIDIC

HAS A pH THAT IS LOWER THAN THAT OF TAP WATER

BY DEFINITION PARASITES_____THEIR HOST

FEED ON AND HARM

A COYOTE WHICH CAN ALTER ITS FOOD INTAKE TO MATCH SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF PLANTS, FRUITS, OR SAMLL ANIMALS, IS CONSIDERED TO BE

A GENERALIST ABLE TO BE FLEXIBLE

ZEBRA MUSSELS

ARE AN INVASIVE EXOTIC SPECIES THAT CLOGS WATER INTAKE PIPES AT FACTORIES, POWER PLANTS, AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES

AN EXAMPLE OF DENSITY-INDEPENDENT FACTOR WOULD BE

COLD WATER WEATHER CAUSING THE LAKE TO FREEZE

A TYPE 1 SURBIBORSHIP CURVE, WITH HIGHT DEATH RATES AT OLDER AGES, IS TYPICAL OF

LARGE MAMMALS SUCH AS GORILLAS

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD REPRESENT A CLUMPED POPULATION DISPERSION PATTERN

A POD OF 40 MIGRATING GRAY WHALES

WHEN YOU BURN A LOG IN YOUR FIREPLACE YOU ARE CONVERTING

CHEMICAL TO THERMAL (HEAT) ENERGY

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS not A MACROMOLECULE

GLUCOSE

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE BEST DESCRIPTION OF A SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM COMPONENT

ONE WHICH IS IN BALANCE WITH THE SYSTEM AS WHOLE

Describes biome in the eastern United States, north central Europe, and eastern China; characterized by stable precipitation and seasonal temperature variation

temperate deciduous forest

Environmental damage

external cost

DEER

primary consumer or herbivore

Matter contained in living organisms

BIOMASS

Lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere

abiotic

Describes the terrestrial biome bordering the Mediterranean Sea characterized by wet winters and warm dry summers

chaparral

An institution that shapes environmental policy through funding of dams Irrigation, infrastructure, and other developmental projects

World Bank

Organization that shapes policy through research education, lobbying, or protest

NGO

Organization responsible for issuing environmental regulations and enforcing the Clean Air Act

EPA

Zooplankton-eating fish

secondary consumer

Upper limit of groundwater in soil or rocks

water table

Includes volunteer work and damage from pollution in a country's goods and serivces

GPI

Study of how we decide to use scarce resources in the face of demand

economics

Knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of

culture

Environmental arm of the United Nations

UNEP

Environmental ethics and the belief that humans are part of nature had their roots in the ecology movement of the mid-20th century (T OR F)

FALSE

Globalization will have an impact on the develo.of envir law as the global community is interconnected by trade, politics, and the movement of people and species. (T OR F)

TRUE

In a subsistence economy, buyers and sellers interact to determine which goods and services to produce and how these goods and services should be produced and distributed (T OR F)

FALSE

Marketable emissions permits like the ones in cap and trade, prevent increases in total pollution. (T OR F)

TRUE

Ecosystems that convert solar energy to biomass rapidly are said to have low primary productivity. (T OR F)

FALSE

Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is most easily taken up by a) producers in photosynthesis and by b) the ocean and many of its organisms. (T OR F)

TRUE

The energy content and biomass of top carnivores is lowest in any food web. (T OR F)

TRUE

Global climate change may produce major shifts in biomes for any given location because mean temperature and precipitation will change. (T OR F)

TRUE

Resources are finite is an assumption of neoclassical economics. (T OR F)

FALSE

Lichens are a pioneer species (T OR F)

TRUE

_____ and _______ is a system where industries emitting below the allowed level of a pollutant sell "credits" to industries which do not meet the standards.

CAP AND TRADE

_______ can occur when markets do not take into account the enviro positive effects on economies, or when they do not reflect the bad effects of economic activity on the enviro and people.

MARKET FAILURE

The book, Silent Spring, by _____, was one of the turning points in the environmental movement.

RACHAEL CARSON

The first step in writing legislation is to introduce a ______ into the House or Senate of Congress.

BILL

Millipedes, soil insects, many ants are all examples of _____.

DETRIVORES

The Pacific Northwest of the United States and Nagasaki, Japan; characterized by heavy rainfall and relatively stable temperatures, are examples of a _____ biome.

TEMPERATE RAINFOREST

Underground water reservoirs are called ____.

AQUIFERS

___ are transitional zones between ecosystems.

ECOTONES

What ecological traits do successful invasive species possess? How do these traits interact to make controlling them difficult?

Invasive species generally have rapid reproduction, no predators, and can trive in various locations and are successful at pushing out native species.

Human activity has affected every aspect of the water cycle. List four ways that humans have altered the water cycle. What are the major concerns for the future?

Dam building, vegetation removal which increases erosion, irrigation for crops, polution

Explain the purpose of putting value to ecosystems and how it can be applied.

By placing value on ecosystems everyone is given a basis to work with when it comes to protection of the environment and clean up

What is the significance of the National Environmental Policy Act

It was the first time the government put into writing a philosophy about the environment

Nitrogen

Atmosphere

Soil organic matter

Denitrification

This philosophy takes all of the natural systems into account both biotic and abiotic.

They are included in the biocentric philosophy which is included in the ecocentric philosophy.

5 degrees C

June through Aug

feb

5 mm, Feb, Dec

Yes, temp is 5 degrees C which is about 40 degrees F

Tundra

External costs include _______

environmental damage

Any network of relationships among a group of components, which interact with and influence one another through exchange of matter and/or information, is referred to as ___

an ecosystem

A method used by manufacturers to tell consumers which brands use manufacturing processes that are environmentally beneficial is called.

ecolabeling

The largest pools of carbon in the carbon cycle are ___?_____.

sedimentary rocks and fossils

Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(n) ___?_____ association

symbiotic

"If domestic fuel prices rise to $5 per gallon, conservation will increase, alternative fuels will be developed, and energy efficiency and our quality of life will improve." This philosophy is consistent with __economics.

environmental

________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.

deer

The origin of all nitrogen in biological tissues is ________.

atmospheric N2 gas

In the United States, wetlands are primarily considered to be ________.

important because they provide many valuable ecosystem services

Wetlands in the United States ________.

have decreased due to human development

There has been legislation designed to encourage protection of wetlands, ________.

however, funding for proposals has been slashed to low levels

Part of the reason for the lack of good flood control in the United States is that ________.

government spending priorities have shifted, and flood control funds have been cut

Local areas and national agencies carry out disaster simulations ________.

to better plan for a disaster and its results

From the scenario above, one conclusion regarding the Gulf Coast damage from the hurricane season of 2005 is that ________.

the combination of wetland losses and budget cuts was probably responsible for the outcome

Definition Because while humans are part of the biological world, persons with an anthropocentric philosophy only take the effects on humans into account.

The second most populous region on Earth

India

Year when we expect the 7 billionth human

2011

Land used for grazing livestock

rangeland

Alternating bands of different types of vegetation across a slope

intercropping

Major pollinators of many flowering non-grain crop plants

bees

Can protect crops from pest-related losses when applied periodically

Bacillus thuringiensis

Most abundant greenhouse gas

water

Produced by microbes decomposing matter in landfills and swamps

methane

Scientist who study the trends in populations

demographers

The number that represents the average number of children born to a woman in a country

TFR

Planting the same crop in a large area over and over

monoculture

One of the major components of soil

sand

An international agency on global climate change

IPCC

Insecticide used to kill mosquitoes; banned in the US in 1973 due to its toxicity

DDT

Toxicant present in paint; damages the brain, liver, kidney, and stomach when ingested

lead

The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to genetically modified crops. (T OR F)

TRUE

Raising chickens requires more land than raising beef. (T OR F)

FALSE

The human population is a little more than 6.9 million people. (T OR F)

FALSE

Replacement fertility is equal to 2.1 in stable populations. (T OR F)

TRUE

Clay type soils have very good rates of movement of water. (T OR F)

FALSE

Rainfall plus the freezing and thawing cycle can break large rocks into small pieces. (T OR F)

TRUE

Methane concentrations in the atmosphere have increased more than carbon dioxide during the past 100 years (T OR F)

TRUE

An increase in public transportation would reduce the carbon dioxide emission rate (T OR F)

TRUE

Allergens are responsible for birth defects (T OR F)

FALSE

The Toxic Substances Control Act regulates industrial chemicals (T OR F)

TRUE

The name for an individual layer of soil is a _______?_____.

horizon

The dose of a chemical which will kill 50% of the test subjects is called the ___?__.

LD50

The main anthropogenic greenhouse gas produced in the United States is ___?___.

carbon dioxide

Raising ___?__ (animal) requires the most land and water.

beef

According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ___?__ our environmental impact.

increase

the lower the per-capita income, the higher the population growth rate

Europe

Africa

biomagnification

the large fish eat the smaller fish which had eaten zooplankton which had absorbed the DDT from the water

Probably not as the mass of a human is larger than an osprey and fish is not the only item in a humans diet`

It relates carbon dioxide emissions with the climate of Illionis

Illionis would have the same climate that Eastern
Texas has today

Term

What three-factor model is used for representing the impact on environment? What is a fourth factor that could be added to this? Give a simple explanation for each factor and describe what it means in terms of human impacts on the environment

I=PAT where P is population, A is affluence, and T is technology. The combination of these three determines the impact (I) on the environment. The fourth factor is S which sensitivity which is how a culture looks at the environment

Discuss the practices used by farmers to protect their soils. ( a minimum of 3 examples) PART 1

Farmers use a variety of methods to protect their soils - Crop rotation can return nutrients to the soil and can be used as an alternative to letting fields lie fallow, which exposes soils to erosion. Contour farming protects soils against erosion by shaping agricultural fields to minimize the possibility of water running down a hillside.

`

Discuss the practices used by farmers to protect their soils. ( a minimum of 3 examples) PART 2

Intercropping is the planting of two types of vegetation in the same field, either overlapping the crops or planting them in alternating rows. It provides a more complete land cover by decreasing bare areas between rows. Shelterbelts provide windbreaks that slow ground wind speed across a field. No-till, or conservation, tillage decreases the plowing of soil and provides less exposure of soils to wind and water for erosion.

Discuss the practices used by farmers to protect their soils. ( a minimum of 3 examples) PART 3

The use of irrigation can prevent wind erosion, although used incorrectly it can cause water erosion and salinization. The final way to protect soils is by composting, returning vegetable wastes to cropland so that their fiber and minerals can promote humus development.

Explain the statement "the lower down in the food chain we eat, the greater percentage of solar energy we put to use, and the more people Earth can support" in terms of trophic levels and pyramids of energy. PART 1

Meat is farther from the sun in the food chain than plant material. Consuming meat decreases the amount of usable energy that is obtained directly from the sun because animals must first consume plants before they are eaten by humans. Every time energy moves from one trophic level to the next, as much as 90% of the useful energy present in the lower trophic level is lost.

Explain the statement "the lower down in the food chain we eat, the greater percentage of solar energy we put to use, and the more people Earth can support" in terms of trophic levels and pyramids of energy PART 2

This is because the second law of energy states that entropy increases as one goes from one level to the next and energy is lost as heat or light at each transfer. For this reason, people who rely heavily on meat as a source of food energy are less energy efficient than ones that rely on fewer animal products or a vegetarian diet. The biomass pyramid echoes this, as each trophic level contains less biomass (energy) than the lower level

What are epidemiological studies, and what is their value? Are there any disadvantages to epidemiological studies?

They involve large-scale comparisons among groups of people, usually contrasting a group known to have been exposed to a toxicant with a group that has not. They allow for the risk of exposure to a toxicant to be determined. They are realistic, but a long time is required for the results of the studies to be determined. Furthermore, they do not address future effects of new products. Results of epidemiological studies must be interpreted cautiously because many factors affect health, and results do not determine cause and effect; they only measure statistical association.

Explain how climate change can affect agriculture and forestry. PART 1

The overall effect of a warmer climate on agricultural productivity is difficult to predict because the effect will vary regionally. Productivity might increase in some areas and decrease in others. Some croplands already stressed by heat and water availability could be pushed beyond their ability to produce food. If average temperatures increase by more than a few where they have not been seen before, most tropical and subtropical areas will likely see decreased crop production, and farmlands in midlatitudes may begin to see significant declines.

Explain how climate change can affect agriculture and forestry. PART 2

Conversely, warmer temperatures could potentially lead to longer growing seasons and increase agricultural productivity at higher latitudes. In addition, temperate areas that begin to experience a more subtropical climate may see the invasion of more tropical crop pests into regions that have not experienced them before. Plants need warmth and carbon to grow. Forests may become more productive because additional carbon dioxide can act as a fertilizer.

Explain how climate change can affect agriculture and forestry. PART 3

The frequency and intensity of drought and forest fires could increase. Forest communities could in general move northward and upward in elevation as temperature and moisture levels change. Finally, both agricultural and forest systems may experience changes in pollinator populations which could affect the abundance and distribution of many plant species.

________ is the world's most populous nation, home to ________ of the people living on Earth.

China; one-fiftH

Which of the following is not one of the world's top five most populous nations?

Vietnam

Declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care while birth rates remain high is characteristic of the ________ stage in the demographic transition model.

transitional

Which of the following factors drives TFR down?

social and economic security

Which of the following describes the relationship between population growth rates and population size.

falling growth rates automatically does not mean a smaller population, but that rates of increase are slowing

Industrial agriculture uses all of the following, except:

animal power

Which of the following is NOT a problem with using pesticides?

all are problems involved in using pesticides

Which of the following best describes integrated pest management (IPM)?

biocontrol measures, crop rotation, habitat diversification

Relative to agriculture, insects are usually ________.

essential pollinators and predators for sustainable systems

Seed banks are important for ________.

protecting genetic diversity

We lose 5 to 7 million ha of productive cropland per year to ________.

erosion, overirrigation, and other factors

Leaching in soil ________.

removes water soluble nutrients from soil

The U. S. agency charged with slowing soil degradation is the ________.

Natural Resources Conservation Service

The buildup of salts in soils as a result of overirrigation is ________.

salinization

The consequences of overfertilization can include ________.

eutrophication in nearby waters

Growing rice results in the release of ________ into the atmosphere.

methane

The greenhouse effect involves warming of Earth's surface and the ________.

troposphere

The US Senate has so far opposed emissions reductions on the grounds that _______.

it might hurt the economy

Which of the following are market mechanisms for addressing climate change?

cap-and-trade and carbon offsets

Based upon the specific health effects described above, mercury would be best classified as a ________.

neurotoxin

Mercury is not readily excreted; it is stored in mammalian body tissues. This is best described as - __.

bioaccumulation

Concentrations of methyl mercury are higher in large fish relative to concentration in the air. This is best described as ________.

biomagnifications

Which of the following U.S. agencies is primarily responsible for addressing issues regarding mercury pollution?

EPA

SCI

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