Second Line of Defense

Microbiology 200 with Ford at University of Kansas

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By: Abby Horton
Created: 2011-05-02
Size: 26 flashcards
Views: 29

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Second line of defense (6)

when the first line of defense is penetrated the second line comes into play

Phagocytosis
Inflammation
The lymphatic System
Natural killer cells
complement
cytokines

*They are all working together, all the time

Types of Phagocytes (3)

1. Neutrophils

2. Macrophages

3. Dendritic Cells

Neutrophils

Most abundant leuocyte in the blood.

First responders to the infection

Primary component of pus

55-80% of leukocytes (white blood cells)

Macrophages

1. Begin as monocytes which are made in the bone marrow

Move to damaged tissue

2. Mature into macrophages

Present antigens in adaptive immunity

Dendritic Cells

Found in the blood & tissues that are exposed to externam environment

Antigen-presenting cells

They recogonize the macromolecules associated with pathogens

Phagocytosis

Neutrophils and macrophages migrate to the infected area

Phases of Phagocytosis

Chemotaxis (microbe moves towards pathogen)
Adherence
Ingestion
Digestion (There are pumps inside the vesicle that lower acidity aiding in digestion)
Discharge

PAMP & PRR

PAMP attaches to PRR

PAMP: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterens

PRR: Pathogen receptor receptors

Inflammation

Accomplishing two jobs

Release proinflammatory molecules
Recruit professional phagocytes

Edema

The actual cause of the swelling due to the proinflammatory molecules

Cytokines

Protiens that regulate the immune response

Transmigration

Phagocytes adhere to the blood vessel and penetrate the endothelium.

Neutrophils and microphages migrate to the infected area

Lymphatic System Immune Functions

1. Allows extracellular fluid to return to the circulatory system

2. Drains off inflammatory response (liquid)

3. Gives rise and transports leukocytes (white blood cells)

Lymph

Similar to plasma

Transports leukocytes (white blood cells) and debris

Formed when excess fluid leaks from the capillaries

Lymphatic Vessels

Associated with the circulatory system

The flow of lymph is undirectional- from the extremities towards the heart

Transports by skeletal muscle contraction

Natural Killer Cells process

1. The natural killer cell binds to other cells

2. If it does not detect MCH-I (a receptor) it releases perforin, building a hole in the cell.

-if a cell is infected it usually doesn't produce the receptor

3. The natural killer cell releases granzymes, inducing apoptosis

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Cells hae "self-ditruct" switches

Complement Cascade caused by these Complement Protiens

Over 30 protiens

Produced in the liver

Inactive until cleaved (split)

Protiens are designated with C and a number (C3)

After cleavage, the smaller partial is labled a (C3a) and the larger particle b (C3b)

Complement protiens in Inflammation

C3b splits C5 into C5a and C5b

C3a and C5a stimulate mast cells to release vasodilators

C5a is also involved in signaling phagocytes to the site of infection

Oponization

C3b splits C5 into C5a and C5b

C3b binds to bacterial surfaces & aids in phagocyte adherence

Cytolysis

C3b splits C5 into C5a and C5b

C5b recruits C6 through C9 to form the membrane attack complex

Cytokines

Regulates immune respponse

Secreted by leukocytes (white blood cells), bind to targets on receptors on target cell

Chemokines

attract phagocytes and T-cells to an infected area

Interleukins

mediate leukocyte (white blood cell) interaction

Transmigration Cytokines

Phagocytes migrate to infected area

Fever Cytokines

Cause the hypothalamus to upregulate body tempurature, cause malaise (the feeling of discomfort)

About this deck

By: Abby Horton
Created: 2011-05-02
Size: 26 flashcards
Views: 29

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis