Section 1: Mitosis & Meiosis
Biology 111 with Bos at Purdue University
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Asexual reproduction by division of one cell or body into two equal or nearly equal parts.
A sequence of DNA at which replication is initiated on a chromosome, plasmid, or virus.
The end of a polypeptide or polynucleotide chain or similar long molecule.
A wall between two cavities.
The division or partitioning of a cavity into parts by a septum.
Protein encoded by the ftsZ gene that assembles into a ring at the future site of the septum of bacterial cell division.
Somatic cell division; nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes separate to form two genetically identical daughter nuclei.
The vehicle by which heredity information is physically transmitted from one generation to the next.
- Prokaryotes: single naked circle of DNA
- Eukaryotes: each chromosome consists of a single linear DNA molecule and associated proteins
One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that is joined by a single centromere.
A group of small, basic polypeptides, rich in arginine and lysine, forming the core of nucleosomes around which DNA is wrapped in the first stage of chromosome condensation.
The fundamental packaging unit of a eukaryotic chromosome.
- Complex of DNA and histone proteins in which the double-helical DNA winds around eight molecules of the histone.
The packaging of DNA as a 30nm fiber of chromatin and results from the helical winding of at least five nucleosome strands.
Enzymes that regulate the overwinding or unwinding of DNA.
Having only one set of chromosomes.
Diploid
Having two sets of chromosomes.
One of a pair of chromosomes of the same kind located in a diploid cell.
Condensed region on a eukaryotic chromosome where sister chromatids are attached to each other after replication.
Kinetochore
Disc-shaped protein structure within the centromere to which the spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis.
The period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions in which a cell grows and its DNA replicates.
- G0 Phase: Cells withdraw from the cell cycle and are dormant and do not grow or divide.
Prophase: Early stage where the formation of a microtuble spindle occurs.
Pro metaphase: Second phase that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
Phases of Mitosis (2)
Metaphase: Stage in which condensed and highly coiled chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase: Chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase: Chromosomes are cut into two distinct new nuclei in the emerging daughter cells.
Division of a cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division.
- Cleavage furrow: The indentation of the cell's surface that begins the process of cleavage.
- Cell plate: Structure formed in the middle of the spindle during early telophase.
The addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule.
Kinase
An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules to specific substrates.
An enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate.
A protein that controls the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase enzymes.
A group of proteins that help in regulating the cell cycle.
Triggers the transition from metaphase to anaphase by tagging specific proteins for degradation.
- Separase: Degraded to trigger the cleavage of cohesin.
Proto-Oncogene
A normal gene that promotes cell division; mutations that cause these genes to become over expressed convert them into oncogenes that produce excessive cellular proliferation.
A gene that normally functions to inhibit cell division; mutated forms can lead to unrestrained cell division of cancer, but only when both copies of the gene are mutant.
Meiosis
A special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction. Begins with one diploid cell that produces four haploid cells; each with a unique mixture of maternal and paternal DNA.
Any of the cells of a multicellular organism except those that are destined to form gametes.
They are immortal in the sense that they have the potential to reproduce indefinitely. These contain the genetic material that can be passed on to offspring.
The pairing of homologous chromosomes that occurs before the first meiotic division.
- Synaptonemal Complex: Holds the replicated chromosomes in alignment so that base-paris can form for crossing over.
Crossing Over
In meiosis, the exchange of corresponding chromatid segments between homologous chromosomes; responsible for genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes.
The part of the homologous chromosome that holds the two together once they have crossed over.
A process by which a molecule of nucleic acid is broken and then joined to a different one.
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