Semester 1 final: chapters 5, and models of solar system
Honors Earth And Space Science with Tibben at Ames High School
About this deck
By: brooke doubleoseven
Created: 2010-12-29
Size: 55 flashcards
Views: 52
Created: 2010-12-29
Size: 55 flashcards
Views: 52
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uniformitarianism
Past is the key to the present
1) The geologic processes now at work were also active in the past
2) The present physical features of Earth were formed by these same processes, at work over long periods of time.
1) The geologic processes now at work were also active in the past
2) The present physical features of Earth were formed by these same processes, at work over long periods of time.
James Hutton
Geologists who came up with the concept of uniformitarianism
General definition of a rock
a group of minerals bound together in some way
Igneous rock
formed by the cooling and hardening of hot molten rock from inside Earth
magma
Hot molten rock from inside Earth
Sedimentary rock
formed by hardening and cementing layers of sediments
Sediments
consist of rock fragments, plant, and animals remains, or chemicals that form on lake and ocean bottoms
Metamorphic rock
formed when rocks that already exist are changed by hear and pressure into new kinds of rocks
Plutonic
Igneous rocks formed underground from cooled magma
also known as intrusive
also known as intrusive
Most are felsic
volcanic
Igneous rocks formed when lava cools on the surface
also known as extrusive
also known as extrusive
Most are mafic
Felsic rock
Light colored, high-silica, formed from thick and slow flowing magma
Most plutonic rocks are felsic
Mafic rock
Dark colored, low-silica, formed from thinner, hotter magma
Most volcanic rocks are mafic
Rock texture
depends on the size, shape, and arrangement of its mineral crystals.
most important is crystal size though
most important is crystal size though
Crystal size
determined from the speed magma hardens and the amount of gas dissolved in the magma.
Slower=larger
More gas=crystals grow more quickly
Slower=larger
More gas=crystals grow more quickly
granite
common igneous rock, large crystals, intrusive or plutonic
very quickly cooled magma
becomes glassy because there's no time for crystals to form
ex. obsidian (smooth as glass)
ex. obsidian (smooth as glass)
porphyry
igneous rock that has two distinctly different textures: large crystals surrounded by a fine-grained mass of rock
Cools first at great depth and then nearer to the surface
Basalt glass
Much like obsidian but has a mafic composition
Obsidian
Volcanic glass of the granite family
contains many of the same minerals as granite and other light colored rocks, but is dark brown or black. and hard and brittle.
Pumice
Formed from felsic lava the hardened while steam and other gases were still bubbling out of it.
Basalt
Most common rock of the gabbro family.
Fine grained
ranges from dark green to black
most common rock formed from flows of lava
large ares of basalt exist in places like Iceland, the Hawaiian islands, etc.
Because it is formed while steam and gases bubble out of felsic lava, it has many small holes in it and is sometimes light enough to float on water
Gabbro
About the same composition as basalt, but since its's cooled slowly deep underground it is coarse grained.
dark in color
similar to Diabase in composition which has a finer texture
Similar in composition to gabbro and basalt
Finer in texture than gabbro but coarser than basalt
Granite family
Formed from felsic magma
Usually light-colored
Includes different textures but all similar chemical compositions.
Gabbro family
Formed from mafic magma
Mainly dark minerals (plagioclase feldspar, augite, olivine, hornblende, biotite)
More dense than granite family
Diorite family
Composition and color between granite and gabbro families
Felsite
general name for any light-colored, fine-grained rock in the granite family
Ex. Rhyolite, fine-grained, light gray to pink rock
Glassy: cooled quickly at the surface of earth, examples
With Quartz: Obsidian, Pumice
Without Quartz: Obsidian, Basalt glass, Scoria
Fine-grained: cooled slowly at or near surface, examples
With Quartz: Ryolite (Felsite)
Almost No Quartz: Trachyte
Without Quartz: Andesite, Basalt, Diabase
Coarse-grained: cooled very slowly, usually at great depths, examples
With Quartz: Granite, Pegmatite
Almost No Quartz: Syenite
Without Quartz: Diorite, Gabbro
Without Quartz or Feldspar: Peridotite, Pyroxenite, Dunite
How geologists explained the origin of landforms before James Hutton
Before Hutton, most geologists thought that the physical features of Earth had been formed by sudden spectacular events. In their view, these catastrophes caused the formation of mountains, canyons, waterfalls, and almost all landforms.
Two principles of Uniformitarianism
1) the geologic processes now at work were also active in the past
2) The present physical features of Earth were formed by these same processes, at work over long periods of time.
Three main groups of rocks
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Difference between Magma and Lava
Magma is below the Earth's surface, lava has reached the surface.
Intrusive
Igneous rock formed under Earth's surface
Also known as plutonic
Extrusive
Igneous rock formed above the Earth's surface
Also known as Volcanic
Clastic Sedimentary
Rocks formed from fragments of other rocks
Ex. Shale, Sandstone, Conglomerate
Chemical Sedimentary
Rocks formed from mineral grains that fall out of a solution (precipitate) by evaporation or chemical action.
Ex. Rock salt and some limestones
Organic Sedimentary
Rocks formed from the remains of plants and animals
Ex. Coal, Limestones
Three main kinds of sedimentary rock
Clastic
Chemical
Organic
Natural cements in water (examples)
Silica (SiO2) - gray or white
Calcite (CaCO3) - gray or white
Iron Oxide (FeO) - red, brown, or rust-colored
Ways sediments become rock
Pressure from overlying sediments is sometimes enough to make fine sediments (clay or silt) stick together
Naturals cements found dissolved in water
Effects of Natural cements
Give own colors to rocks
Bind fragments together
Transform loose sediments into firm, cemented rock
Limestones of chemical origin
Sedimentary
Formed from grains of calcite deposited from bodies of water Gray to tan in color
Compact and dense in appearance, smooth to the touch
Rock Salt
Sedimentary
The natural form of common table saltoccurs in thick layers
Almost pure halite
Rock gypsum
Sedimentary
Occurs in layers like rock salt does
Most common chemical sediments
Limestone
Rock Salt
Rock Gypsum
Quintesence
the property of moving in circles (for planets and comets being observed)
what did the greeks think the elements were?
They thought there were 4 elements:
Fire
Air
Water
Earth
Fire
Air
Water
Earth
Geocentric
Earth Centered
Heliocentric
Sun centered
laws
explain how something works
theories
explain why something works
Claudius Ptolemy (90-168)
-years of previous models, data
-tweaked the models to fit data better
-geocentric
-tweaked the models to fit data better
-geocentric
About this deck
By: brooke doubleoseven
Created: 2010-12-29
Size: 55 flashcards
Views: 52
Created: 2010-12-29
Size: 55 flashcards
Views: 52
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
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