Social Psych Exam 1 Flash Cards

social psychology

study of the way in which individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of others.

social vs. cognitive

social: perceptions and beliefs about others

Cog: study of categorizations or memory for words or objects

social vs. sociology

social: individual

sociology: group related

proximal factors

factors that exist in the here and now or immediately precede what the individual does

) situation

) perceiving situation

) conscious/unconscious process of reacting to the situation

Lewin's concept

understand the medium and forces acting on an object to determine how it will act/behave due to these existing factors in the objects environment.

Milgram's study

showed that anyone could do something inhumane

comparative to arendt - anyone can be a monster just a matter of the situation theyre in.

Darley & Batson

those that were rushed weren't as helpful as those that had plenty of time to get to their location

Channel factors

help explain why certain circumstances appear unimportant on the surface and can have great consequences for behavior

also can guide behaviors in a very particular direction by means of making it easier to follow one path rather than another

channel factors example

yale students given exact path to get tetanus shots were more likely to get shots vs. those who were just told to get shots.

channel factor is the requirement to shape a vague intention into a concrete plan

Fundamental attribution error

ppl are governed by situational factors.

failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behavior, together with the tendency to overemphasize the importance of dispositions or traits on behaviors

dispositions

internal factors - beliefs, values, or abilities that guide a person's behavior.

construal

interpretation and inference about the stimuli or situations we confront

gestalt psych

objects perceived not by means of some passive and automatic registering device, but by active unconscious interpretation of what the object represents.

ex) white triangle and voltaire pic

----what we see is not actually there

prisoners dilemma

situation involving payoffs to 2 ppl in which trust and cooperation lead to higher joint payoffs then mistrust and defection.

choice of cooperation or defection

same alibi vs. confessing

schemas

generalized knowledge about the physical and social world and how to behave in particular situations and whit different kinds of ppl

-capture the regularities of life and lead us to have certain expectations we can rely on so that we don't have to invent the world all the time

stereotypes

schemas that we have for ppl of various kinds that can be applied to judgments about ppl and decisions about how to interact with them

automatic vs. controlled processing

thinking systematically can eliminate quick judgments

unconscious processing

1) skill acquisition - skills carried out without awareness

2) production of beliefs and behaviors with out our awareness of the cognitive processes that have generated them

automatic process

much faster than conscious processes but downfall is that schemas are more so used

natural selection

molds animals and plants such that traits that chance the probability of survival and reproduction are passed on to subsequent generations

theory of mind

understanding that other ppl have beliefs and desires

autism patients have trouble with this

parental investment

evolutionary principle that costs and benefits are associated with reproduction and the nurturing of offspring

naturalistic fallacy

claim that the way things re is the way they should be

independent cultures

cultures in which ppl tend to think of themselves as distinct social entities tied to each other by voluntary bonds of affection and organizational memberships, but separate from other ppl and having attributes that exist in the absence of any connection to others

interdependent cultures

ppl tend to define themselves as part of a collective, inextricably tied to others in their group and having relatively lil individual freedom

first social psych experiment

Norman triplett - spool machine manipulated by putting children alone or along side others.... next to others went faster

first textbook

1908 - mcdougal and ross made books

rapid expansion years

WWII

institution opened in 1920 and closed in 1933

obedience and conformity, authoritarian personality

kurt lewin's field theory

boxed example.... look at notes

lewin's interactionist perspective

behavior is a function of the person interacting with their environment

crisis years

dipersion of ideas

deception

social psych took a step back to see how they can improve

current developments

social cognition.....use computer to compare to how we think

motivational & emotion

distal influences....evolution and culture

social neuroscience

multiple determinism

more than one cause for an event

nonadditive determinism

sometimes looking at one process only a partial story is told

reciprocal determinism

mutual influences between biological and social factors in determining behavior.... both biological and social factors influence each other

underestimate strong situations

forget about situation

black circle in diagram

construct social worlds

reality can look differently in the eyes of others

construde same thing differently

process info in most efficient way possible

want to have enough info to get through world

want to view selves positively

remember successes better than failures

like ppl within same group

need to feel connected to others

naturally inclined to form bonds with others

when we feel excluded we feel hurt

Hypothesis

explicit testable prediction about the conditions under which and event will occur or the relationships between variables

theory

set of principles that can be used to explain observed phenomenon

HOMER

hypothesize, operationalize, measure, evaluate, revise/replicate/report

operationalize

conceptual variables...operations used to look at concrete variables

operational variables... self report, behavioral, physiological

construct validity

how well do materials, situations, measures actually capture a concept

measure

descriptive research....correlational research...experiments

descriptive research

describe what is observed.... collect info by observation...random selection

correlational research

observe relationships between more than one variable

predictor and outcome variables

collection: observing, archives, surveys

random selection

experimental research

demonstrate cause and effect relationships

controlled environment

independent and dependent variables

random selection and random assignment

random assignment

each participant in study has equal chance of being in any condition

evaluate

statistical testing

internal validity: did the IV cause the DV... control, random assignment

external validity: generalizable, can it happen outside lab?

hindsight bias

ppls tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome

longitudinal study

study conducted over a long period of time with the same population

self selection

where the participant selects his/her level on each variable, bringing with this value unknown other properties that make causal interpretation of relationships difficult

ex)... southerners more agressive than northerners (cohen)

basic science

science concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view toward using that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspect of the world

applied science

solving some real world problem of importance

intervention

efforts to change ppls behaviors

deception research

participants are misled about the purpose of the research

traits

consistent ways ppl think, feel, and act across classes of situations

5 factor model

5 traits that lie at the core of the social self

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

heritability

the degree to which traits are determined by genes

born to rebel hypothesis

siblings conflict is frequent, widespread, and sometimes deadly

diversification

principle that maintains sibling development into quite different ppl so that they can occupy diff niches within the family

culture gender and social self

read in notes

distinctiveness hypothesis

we ID what makes us unique in each particular context, and we highlight that in our self-definition

construal process

1) we actively construe who we are within particular situations

2) social self can be thought of as a knowledge structure that guides how we construe social info

social comparison theory

the hypothesis that we compare ourselves to other ppl in order to evaluate our opinions, abilities, and internal states

downward social comparison

help us define ourselves rather favorably and boost our self esteem

upward social comparison

do this when we wish to improve something

personal beliefs

refer to our understanding of our own personality traits as well as our beliefs about other abilities and attributes

social self beliefs

concern the roles, duties, and obligations we assume in groups

relational self beliefs

refer to our identities in specific relationships

collective self beliefs

referring to our ID with the social collectives to which we belong

self reference effect

tendency to elaborate on and recall info that is integrated into our self-knowledge

powerful principle in memory

self schemas

knowledge based summaries of our feelings and actions and how we understand others views about the self

self image bias

tendency to judge others personalities according to their similarity or dissimilarity to our own personality.

possible selves

hypothetical selves we aspire to be in the future

self discrepancy theory

appropriate behavior is motivated by cultural and moral standards regarding the ideal self and the ought self

actual self

the self we truly believe ourselves to be

ideal self

self that embodies the wishes and aspirations we and other ppl maintain about us

promotion focus

sensitivity to + outcomes and cheerful emotions that result if we are living up to our ideals and aspirations

ought self

self concerned with the duties and external demand we feel we are compelled to honor

prevention focus

sensitivity to - outcomes often motivated by a desire to live up to our ought self and avoid anxiety

ego depletion

state produced by acts of self control, where we don't have the energy or resources to engage in further acts of self control

pen study

different colored pen in same colored pen box ... interdependent and independent cultures...

introspection

looking inside one's self

self perception theory

look to our own behavior to explain when we don't know how we feel about something

caveats - infer attitude from behavior... only works if you don't feel strongly about

purposes of self knowledge

organizational

motivational

self regulation

organization

self framework.... what we should pay attention to....what to remember through the lense of how we see ourself

cocktail party phenom

easy for us to pick out things related to us

ex) hear our name said across room

self regulation

regulating thoughts and behaviors.... bigger reward in future if regulate self.... ego depletion

self esteem

attitude toward self.... overall + or - evaluation of self

Distinctions of self esteem

high vs low

trait vs state

stable vs unstable

explicit vs implicit

high vs low self esteem

High - confident

low - insecure

trait vs state self esteem

trait - consistent over time

state - feeling of self in the "now"

stable vs unstable self esteem

stable - not going to see big flux in esteem

unstable - big shifts in esteem

explicit vs implicit self esteem

explicit - easy to fake .... things that we're consciously aware of in state

implicit -hard to fake... attitudes of we're not aware of and may not be able to see

name letter effect

prefer letters in the alphabet in our names

implicit association test

somethings are associated in our mind.... the more you feel things are associated you would pair them together

ownership effect

we like things associated to us.... owning of things we like better cuz we own them

contingencies of self worth

specific domains... skills (don't worry about skills we don't have), social (friends, family), identity (racial, group, gender)

self complexity

can buffer us.... more complex self will create more stable self esteem

terror management

self esteem distracts us from cripling fear of death

sociometer

quality of social life

consequences of high self esteem

not better performance, not more likable, not better/longer relationships, are happier tho

enhancement bias

thoughts and behaviors designed to make us feel good about self and protect our self esteem

self handicapping

create obstacle to make us not worry about self when we fail ...

downward social spiral

compare down to make yourself feel better

BIRGing

bask in reflective glory

associate self with success of others

unrealistic optimism

bad things are less likely to happen to self... more likely to have good things come our way... like to feel in control of environment

self serving cognitions

including attributions... explanation for event... when good stuff happens its cuz of us

spotlight effect

everyone feels like everyone is concerned with us

unrealistically positive self views

thinking you're better than others

giving yourself more of a promotion focus

overly confident and underprepared

false consensus effect

over estimate the extent to which ppl agree with us

think that faults are common

self presentation

process by which we control how others see us

goals:

accurate impression of self -> see us fro who we really are

self enhance -> see better than who we are

impression management -> specific type of person you want to be seen as

emotion

short term, instant, have specific causes

mood

duration--- long term and general... can't pinpoint

primary appraisal

immediate gut reaction

secondary appraisal

attribution.... thinking about cause of primary appraisal... understand what caused emotion

emotion specificity

every emotion is associated with a specific pattern of physiological change

two factor theory of emotion

perceive physiological changes

look to situation to label emotion

we feel some physiological arousal and we look to situation to explain emotion

misattribution of arousal

think we're feeling certain way cuz of something in environment but we really aren't

universal emotions

happy, sad, angry, disgust, fear, surprised

similar in many species, cultures.

not learned... blind ppl make same emotional faces

specific emotions

when and how often the emotion is expressed .... depends on culture... different recognitions of expression for emotions... experience the same way as others though

focal emotions

focus is on a certain emotion... some cultures emphasize certain emotions more so than others

display rules

rules for when, where, and how to show emotion

appropriateness

feelings - as - info

when making complex judgments we might rely on current mood/feelings to give us fast, easy answers

pg 254 more info

attribution

explanation for behavior

person and environment

dispositional attribution

correspondant.... kind of person someone is .... internal

situational attribution

environment effect on person

Heider's attribution theory

how ppl explain behavior

what kinds of explanations do we jump to

predict and control environment

most explanations are personal or situational

people prefer personal attributions

don't look at environmental causes

correspondent inference theory

maps onto internal attributions

ppl want to make dispositional inferences

influenced by choice (freely chosen), expectedness (non-normative), consequences/effects (observe the outcomes of behavior, only one outcome)

non-common effect

presence of this is reason why a behavior is created... many effects = less clear... many non common or mixtures of effects is hard to make inference of person... too many factors to weigh

discounting principle

less weight is given to a particular cause of behavior if there are alternative causes present

augmentation principle

more weight is given to one cause of a behavior if there is one cause present

covariation theory

two things happen together consistently

when one's present the other is present

... over time is the cause of something just one time, or is it always present

3 pieces of covariance

consistency - does this person always engage in this behavior in this situation?

consensus - do other ppl engage in this behavior in this situation?

distinctiveness - does this person engage in the behavior in other similar situations?

fundamental attribution error

underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences

aka correspondence bias...we should make inferences when choosing cause

explanations: perceptual salience, likely in individualistic cultures, dual process model of attributions

ultimate attribution error

explaining whole groups behavior ..... more likely to ignore situational info when thinking about negative behaviors of outgroup members

can stereotype

perceptual salience

what are we perceiving immediately... focusing on individual

actor observer effect

we rely on personal attributions for others

more situational attributions for self

variant of FAE

have more info for ourselves

focus on environment for self

self serving attributions

dispositional attributions for success, situational for failure

more likely to make situational attributions when we fail

defensive attributions

explanations that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality

unrealistic optimism

dramaturgic perspective

social interaction can be thought of as a drama of self presentation, in which we attempt

on record communication

statements we intend to be taken literally

off record communication

hint at ideas and meanings that are not explicit in words.... aka flirting

causal attribution

process by which we explain both our own behavior and that of others

counterfactual thoughts

thought of what might have happened if something might have been done differently

emotional amplification

a ratcheting up of an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening

core relational themes

distinct themes that define the essential meaning for each emotion

principle of serviceable habits

maintains that expressions of human emotion that we observe now was useful in the past for evolution

free response critique

ppl labeling facial expressions with terms rather than allowing participants expressions with words

affect valuation theory

cultures vary in which emotions they value or idealize

affective forecasting

predicting our future emotions

immune neglect

tendency to underestimate our capacity to be resilient in responding to difficult life events

focalism

focus too much on main elements of significant events

social influence

myriad ways ppl impact one another

conformity

changing ones behavior in response to explicit or implicit pressure from others

compliance

responding favorably to an explicit request

obedience

unequal power relationship, submitting to demands of powerful person

ideometer action

thinking about a behavior makes it s actual performance more likely

informational social influence

use of others as a source of info about whats likely to be right, proper, or effective

stress

event where we think we aren't sure if we have resources to cope with

sources: major life events, microstressors, rumination, low perceived control

microstressors

little things that stress us out daily.

can add up and are more predictive of chronic health outcomes

rumination

can't stop thinking about stressful events

pessimistic thinking

internal, stable, global... poor physical health

chronic health problems: ulcers, heart disease, cancer

perceived control

nursing home study

living independently with control over environment lead to better health

implementation intentions

specify goal with steps ... more likely to accomplish goal with positive outcome

positive thinking

positive expectations thinkers recover better and engage in better health practices

social connections

best way to cope.. social support is beneficial through stress

distancing

best way to think about negative memory is to view stressful event in the third person

Social Psych Exam 1 Flash Cards

Psychology 280 with Betz at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

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