Social Psychology Ch. 5, 7, 11

Psychology 2606 with King at University of Colorado Boulder

About this deck

By: Megan Crosby
Textbook:

Social Psychology
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 83 flashcards
Views: 151

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Aggression

Behavior directed toward the goal of harming another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.

Is Aggression a behavior?

a) Aggression is a behavior, not an emotion, need, etc; involves intent to harm (Spanking, contact sports, etc is not aggression).

b) Must be directed toward a live recipient

c) Victim must be motivated to avoid aggression

Hostile Aggression

Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain.

Instrumental Aggression*

Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain.

Low Ball Technique*

1. Get victim to make a commitment.

2. Then increase the cost of the commitment.

3. This works because it’s difficult to change a decision after making a commitment.

"Thats-Not-All" Technique*

1. Make an inflated request (but wait, there’s more).

2. Immediately increase the apparent size of original request (keep price, raise quantity).

3. “Bargain” or “discount” mentality.

Excitation Transfer Theory*

arousal generated in one context may transfer & intensify a subsequent emotional state.

Mindlessness* (reason for compliance)

tendency to comply without questioning; “this is the way my mother does it;” comply without really stopping to question why were doing what we’re doing.

Old Fashioned Racism*

blatantly negative stereotypes based on racial superiority and open opposition to racial equality; huge opposition to racial equality.

Sub-typing*

perception of an out-group member as an exception to their out-group; ex: an “exception to his race”.

Recatergorization*

shift in the boundary between a person’s in-group and the individuals outside of their group, the out-group.

"Expensive = good" Principle*

we comply simply because we are not immersed cognitively in the situation.

Private Acceptance*

actually changing a pre-existing personal attitude; come to believe that the group is right and we are wrong.

Door-In-the-Face Technique*

1. Make a large request --> rejection.

2. Then make a smaller request as a compromise.

Deindividuation*

a state of anonymity that may produce a decrease in inhibition against abnormal behavior; a state where we feel more comfortable and decreases aggression within us (in class, the dark).

Baiting Behavior

crowd encourages aggression

Milgram (Psychologist)

-The Psychology of Destructive Obedience

-65% of the research participants went all the way to delivering the maximum shock

-Inspired by the Nazi war criminal trials.

Prestige of Sponsoring Institution (Milgram)

-Using Yale as a justification to administer shock.

-Did same experiment with no association of institution or Milgram, and produced 48% to give max shock

Delegation of Authority (Milgram)

a) Give teacher an assistant to shock learner.

b) 93% of the teachers gave maximum shock (via assistant).

Disobedient models (Milgram)

a) Two confederate teachers + the actual subject (other teacher) à confederates defy experimenter.

b) 10% of actual subjects administered the full shock.

Solomon Asch

"Asch Effect" -- Line study, sixth person was not in on the experiment, most of the time conformed with the group.

Bandura (Psychologist)

Bobo Doll study... Frustrated children and saw that they would take their frustration out on a bobo doll by hitting it, saying bad things, etc; shows aggression after being frustrated.

Social Learning Theory

States that aggression is an imitated form of social behavior; so when we become aggressive it’s because we see aggressive behavior

Sherif (Psychologist)

classic field study on conflict and group cooperation.

Phase 1: intragroup relations (behavior within a group).

Phase 2: intergroup relations (relations between groups).

Phase 3: reduction of intergroup hostility.

What did the two groups at the Yale study (conflict and group cooperation)?

Red devils and Bull dogs

Superordinate Goal

a task that cannot be solved by one group alone --> requires a joint effort to achieve a solution.

Elliot Aronson (psychologist)

Aronson's jigsaw study was influenced by Sherif.

Jigsaw Classroom Method (Aronson)

cooperative learning method used to reduce prejudice through group interaction; Each student is assigned a specific task that requires the mutual efforts of the entire group to succeed.

Contact Hypothesis (Aronson)

Aronson found that increased contact between members of various social groups could reduce prejudice between them.

Stigma

an attribute that serves to discredit a person in the eyes of other people; social disproval of another person.

Clarke and Clarke

-Most famous example of stigma done by these two.

-African American girls looking at doll preference; white or black dolls; little girls believed that “it’s bad to be black", better to play with a white doll.

Foot-In-the-Door Technique

1. Make a small request followed by a large request (or a series of small requests, then the large request).

2. “Snowballing” effect of saying “yes;” pretty soon it’s impossible to resist.

Instinct Theory (Freud)

Eros vs. Thanatos: two polar opposite drives that Freud believes motivates us; Eros=life instinct, and Thanatos=death instinct. Eros is the thing that motivates us, and Thanatos is will to death instinct.

Catharsis

investing our energy into an object or event that produces an emotional release that stops the aggression.

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

one of the first theories in aggression, states that all aggression is caused by frustration.

Displacement

aggression against a substitute target will stop frustration; if you displace your anger on a substitute target it can serve to decrease aggression, (ex. Punching a wall, exercise).

Biochemical Factors #1 (Aggression)

1. Serotonin: Brain chemical that may inhibit aggressive impulses.

-Violent criminals have low serotonin levels.

-Tryptophan: amino acid that produces serotonin in brain.

Depletion of tryptophan produces increase in aggression in humans.

Biochemical Factors #2 (Aggression)

2. Testosterone: hormone linked with aggression; people that are very violent have high levels of testosterone.

Direct Provocation

situations in which another individual is provoked into aggressive behavior.

-Lex Talion: “an eye for an eye”

-Verbal provocation (insults) can trigger aggression just like physical provocation.

What do attributions do in aggressive situations?

Attributions often act as a mediator between provocation and aggression; the more someone explains him/herself after provoking a person, the less likely the person will get aggressive.

Mitigating Information

situational information that indicates if a person should or should not be held responsible for their actions.

NGRI & Self-Defense Pleas

person is not legally responsible for the aggressive behavior; NGRI: not guilty by reason of insanity.

Gender Differences (Aggression)

-men 10 times more likely to be arrested for violent crimes than women.

-Boys tend to exhibit overt/obvious aggression (hitting, pushing); Girls tend to covert aggression

-shown that women are just as likely to be aggressive as men are.

Damned Women Driving Effect

females receive more car horn honks than males (from both females and males).

Line Cutting Behavior?

both females & males are much more aggressive to a female line cutter.

Environmental Factors (Aggression)

Long hot summer effect: as temperature increases in urban settings, all types of violent crimes also increase.

Negative Affect Theory

noxious stimuli (noise, heat) causes a negative emotional response that may increase aggression.

Model of Incompatible Responses

some behaviors are mutually exclusive (engaging in one behavior precludes engaging in an opposite behavior).

-Humor is incompatible with anger & should therefore decrease aggression.

Mann (psychologist) Study

showed that 10/21 cases of attempted suicide crowd encouraged person to jump; when baiting behavior increases?

1. During evening hours.

2. If the person was between 6^th and 12^th floors of the building.

3. During the summer months.

Similarity

-is someone more likely to be aggressive towards someone that is similar to him or her or not similar to him or her?

1. more likely to administer shock to “similar” victim.

2. murderer and victim are acquaintances in many homicides.

Prejudice

unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members; believing that everybody in one group is the same in a negative way.

Stereotype

generalized (mostly negative) about a group of people. This is not something we do; it is an attitude we have towards another group/person.

Discrimination

a (mostly negative) predisposition or action against a group; it is a behavior that we act upon against a group.

Social Inequalities

a situation in which individuals in a society do not have equal social status.

Social Identity

“us vs. them”; a way of looking at the world in terms of an “us vs. them” attitude.

In-Group and Out-Group Bias

1. In-group Bias: tendency to only see the best of our own group.

2. Out-group Bias: tendency to focus on negative aspects of other people’s groups; tend to see only the worst in the other side.

Cognitive Roots of Prejudice

people aren’t always that thoughtful or spend a lot of time thinking why they are prejudice.

Scapegoat Bias

-Provides frustrated people with an outlet for their anger --> scapegoat (someone else) takes the blame.

-Despised out-group’s --> scapegoats- --> elevate self-esteem in the in-group; (the holocaust).

Categorization

tendency to divide the social world into very distinct categories.

Out-group Homogeneity Effect

goes beyond out-group bias; it is the perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than members of one’s in-group; tend to see the out-group as all being the same.

Cross-Race Facial Identification

have a hard time identifying people of other ethnicities then our own; people have a hard time giving forensic evidence of people of different ethnicities then their own.

Just World Phenomenon

-tendency to believe that the world is just.

1. People therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get; if something good happens --> good person; something bad happens --> bad person.

Aversive Racism

attitudes toward a group that includes both egalitarian, (belief in equality), social values and negative emotions; don’t believe that there is a difference between races, but don’t want to be near the race they are uncomfortable with.

Robber’s Cave Study (group dynamics)

- Sherif, White & Harvey (1955)

-Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3.

-Found intra-group relations, intergroup relations, and reduction of intergroup hostility.

-Hierarchical Status, Regulatory Norms, Negotiation, Superordinate Goal

Superordinate Goal (Robber's Cave Study)

a task that cannot be solved by one group alone --> requires a joint effort to achieve a solution.

Regulatory Norms (Robber's Cave Study)

expected modes of behavior; kids would have meetings; standards of punishment and rewards.

What was Lord of the Flies based on? (the book)

Influenced by the experiment done by Sherif; the robber's cave study.

Social Influence

attempts on the part of one or more persons to change the behavior, feelings or thoughts of others.

Compliance

change in behavior in accordance with a direct request.

Reasons for Compliance

1. Balance or Equity Theory

2. Mindlessness

3. Commitment

Balance or Equity Theory (reason for compliance)

we comply to maintain equilibrium in our interpersonal relations.

Commitment (reason for compliance)

complying because of the psychology of commitment.

a) Desire to be seen as intelligent, conscientious, popular.

b) Desire to be seen as consistent à avoid cognitive dissonance.

Ingratiation

induce compliance by increasing attractiveness to target person; complementing people to make them comply to your needs. Suggest positive attributions about the target person; another way to ingratiate.

Guilt (compliance)

using guilt to get someone to comply; “guilt tripping”.

Guilty People Influenced By:

1. Reduction of guilt: don’t want to feel guilty anymore so they will do whatever they can to repay hurt person.

2. Avoid contact with injured/hurt person.

Touch (compliance)

Touch (in a socially acceptable way); patting someone on the back, lightly touching someone’s arm can induce some type of compliant behavior.

Sequential Request Strategies

-asking more than once; Cialdini found that sequential request strategies can become really influential to getting people to comply.

1. Foot-In-the-Door Technique

2. Door-In-the-Face Technique

Reciprocal Concessions

process of bargaining and compromise; powerful because we fall into a basic process of bargaining and compromise and if we don’t compromise with people, we feel bad about it.

Conformity

alteration of one’s behavior or attitudes to adhere to widely accepted standards or beliefs (e.g., social norms); social pressures to do what others are doing.

Public Compliance (type of conformity)

to act in a manner that is consistent with the group’s behavior (even though it contradicts personal beliefs).

Private Acceptance (type of conformity)

actually changing a pre-existing personal attitude; come to believe that the group is right and we are wrong.

Obedience

following the directives of some authority figure.

destructive obedience: nazis, milgrams study with teacher shocking learner.

If the power of the situation is.........

powerful enough it can pull destructive obedience out of you.

About this deck

By: Megan Crosby
Textbook:

Social Psychology
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 83 flashcards
Views: 151

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy