South Africa Final Exam

• "Separateness" in Afrikans


• Authoritarian racist system


• ruled from 1948-1994: imposed policies that systematically segregated races and priveleged whites


• apartheid era = led by the National Party


• Blacks discriminated against and stripped of citizenship

1. Consolidate Afrikaner power


2. eliminate all vestiges of black participation in South African politics


3. privilege white south africans

Group Areas Act of 1950: blacks were made citizens of 10 "tribal homelands"

Bantu Education Act of 1953: brought all black schooling under governmental control

Mines and Works Act of 1956: formalized discrimination in employment

Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953: Prohibited people of different races from using the same public amenities

attempts to explain why apartheid appeared and disappeared

Claims that apartheid's rise to power was not linked with racism. The economy in South Africa at the time needed cheap labor and the way to acquire that was through racist regulations. When the economy shifted from industrial to post-industrial, cheap labor was discarded for skilled labor and apartheid was no longer needed.

Tribal Homelands = Bantustans, akin to American Indian reservations, only 13% of S.A. territory, usually made up of noncontiguous parcels of infertile land separated by white-owned farms

townships = under apartheid entire neighborhoods of nonwhites were uprooted and moved to new racially segregated townships

means farmer in Afrikaan

Dutch settlers who arrived in the 19th century during the "Scramble for Africa", quickly seized fertile land of the Cape of Good Hope

1960

March 21st a group between 5,000-7,000 converged on the local police station in the township of Sharpeville, offering themselves up for arrest for not carrying their pass books. things turned violent and police shot into the crowd killing at least 69 people and wounding 180

results: outrage i international community, banning of ANC and PAC, emergence of militant wing on ANC

march 21st = human rights day in South Africa

1976

protests by youth against teaching of Afrikans in black school

200-600 people killed = mostly students

caused economic and political instability that would last for the next decade

1. Democratic pressure and growing unrest




1. proportion of white in population dropped


2. blacks were increasingly concentrated in urban areas = easier mobilization


2. Economic Decline




1. 1980s = South Africa has the most stagnant economy in the developing world


3. Internal Reforms




1. president F.W. de Klerk repealed many oppressive acts of Apartheid


4. Changing International context




1. Trade embargoes and fall of communism


2. No more US aid


5. Skilled leadership




1. F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela

Convened in 1995

Led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu

Goals

1. Establishing "truth" of Crimes committed from 1960 Sharpeville Massacr to outlawing of Apartheid in 1994


2. Using that Truth as the essential foundation for healing deep wounds of the era

have the authority to: hear confessions, grant amnesty, promote long-term reconciliation

Approved in 1996

affirmed basic human rights of race, gender, sex, pregnancy, religion, conscience belief, culture, language and birth

11 official languages are recognized

limited power of state to arrest, detain, and prosecute individuals

affirmative action: promote or advance individuals who have been discriminated against

rights of property

supreme law of the land

president from 1989-94

repealed many Acts imposed by NP

legalized black political parties and freed their leaders (Nelson Mandela)

Used credentials as NP stalwart to convince NP die-hards to accept transition to democracy

First South African President after Apartheid

led a series of nonviolent civil disobedience campaigns as leader of ANC

Sentenced to life in prison- freed by F.W. de Klerk

big role in transition to democracy

awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

president of South Africa from 1999-2009

controversial stance on HIV/AIDS = questioned causal link between HIV and AIDS and resisted conventional drugs and drug protocols prescribed in West

support for growing authoritarianism of neighboring Zimbabwe

more conservative/less democratic approach to ruling

Very recently elected President of South Africa

Controversial practices = has been accused of rape and corruption

appeals to the poor

Bicameral Parliament

Lower House = National Assembly, 400 members who serve 5 year terms, elect and remove president, prepare and pass legislation, and approve national budget

upper house = National Counci of Provinces, 90 members, indirectly elected by 9 provincial legislatures, exist to ensure local interests are heard at the national level

formed in 1914 by Afrikaners as resistance to English control of South Africa's wealth

demanded Afrikans be recognized alongside English and wanted South Africa to secede from the British Empire

2 goals

1. consolidate African power


2. eliminate all vestiges of black participation in South African politics

Developed an ideology strongly influenced by marxism

favored the nationalization of land and industry

stood for racial and gender equality and a strong state role in the expansion of economic opportunities for nonwhites

challenged apartheid institutions but also wanted to remove blacks from desirable areas and deprive them of basic citizenship

no longer a part of the government

White minority still dominates the economy

rising income of some blacks has led to decline in inequality between races, however overall inequality among all South Africans continues to increase

inequality had led to crime

there is a fear that white elites are just going to be replaced by black elites

NEPAD proposes that the developed world's support for African Countries would be tied to commitments to the rule of law and democracy

4 primary objectives

1. eradicate proverty


2. promote sustainable growth and development


3. integrate Africa in the world economy


4. accelerate the empowerment of women

Replaced the organization of African Unity in 2002

seeks to pursue greater political and economic integration across the continent

Thabo Mbeki = 1st president

anounced by nelson mandela in 1994

focused on meeting the basic needs of South Africans living in poverty

ANC argued: safe drinking water, housing, jobs, electricity, affordable health care and a safe environment to take precendence over economic growth

anc's approach to the economy was much less radical then expected

liberal political economic model over state interventionist policies

1996 the government adopted a plan of liberal macroeconomic structural adjustment

called for opening trade, privatizing SOEs, limiting role of state in the marketplace to stimulate growth and attract foreign investment

formed in 1985 to promote workers' rights and oppose apartheid, tripartite alliance = cosatu, anc, South Africa's communist party

openly hostile to goverments liberal economic policies

South African AIDS activist organization founded in 1998 by Zakie Achmat

credited with forcing reluctant government of Thabo Mbeki to begin making anti-retroviral drugs available to South Africans

4 ways to divide ethnic diversity

• single issue politics and dominance


• single issue politics and fragmentation


• multi issue politics and dominance


• multi-issue poltiics and fragmentation

4 ways to explain slow growth in South Africa

external policy

external destiny

domestic policy

domestic destiny

Authors chose domestic policy as best explaination because Africa has seen a lack of contract inforcement, a weak public sector, and corruption