spanish

Spanish Notes Gender and Number of Nouns Words ending with -l, -o, -n, -e, -r, -s =MASCULINE Words ending with -a, -d, -ie, ion, -is, -umbre, -z =FEMINE Words ending with ?ma, -pa, -ta =MASULINE -el atleta -el poema -el drama -el poeta -el mapa -el problema -el programa -el tema -el sistema Exceptions: -la gente -la mano -el camion -la imagen -la parte -el sofa -el avión -el día Plurals of Nouns -Nouns that end in a vowel add ?s -Nouns ending in a consonant add ?es -Nouns ending with unstressed ?es or ?is have identical singular and plural forms -el lunes ? los lunes -la crisis ? las crisis Feminine nouns beginning with a stressed ?a? sound use the articles el/un in the singular but las/unas in the plural -el agua ? las aguas These nouns are feminine but in short don?t end in ?a? -la bicicleta ? la bici -la fotografía ? la foto - la motocicleta ? la moto Some words have the same form but can change meaning by changing the article -el cura ? priest -la cura ? cure -el Papa- the Pope -la papa- potato Some nouns undergo a spelling change in the plural ? in nouns ending in ?z it changes to ?c -un lápiz ? unos lápices -una vez ? unas veces Some nouns, accents must be added or dropped to maintain the stress of the singular form -el examen ? los exámenes -la joven ? las jóvenes -la nación ? las naciones Adjective Agreement Gender and Number of Adjectives -Adjectives that end in ?o have 4 ways to indicate masculine/femine ? singular/plural -el chico listo ? los chicos listos -la chica lista ? las chicas listas -Most adjectives that end in any other vowel or consonant have same forms for masculine/feminine. They show plurar agreement by adding ?s to vowels and ?es to constants -Adjectives of nationality that endin a consonant add ?a to show feminine agreement -el hombre francés ? la mujer francesa -Adjectives that end in ?dor, -on, and ?an also add ?a -un nino encantador ? una nina encantadora -When adjective modifies two nouns, one masculine, one feminine, adjective is masculine plural -Juan y María son bajos Shortening of certain adjectives -These adjectives have a short form before masculine singular nouns, but follow normal patterns for all others alguno: algún síntoma ? algunos, alguna, algunas bueno: un buen hombre ? buenos, Buena, buenas malo: un mal día ? malos, mala, malas ninguno: ningún problema ? ninguna pregunta primero: el primer programa ? primeros, primera, primeras tercero: el tercer piso ? la tercera calle -Adjective ?grande? becomes ?gran? before masculine and feminine singular nouns but are normal for others -un gran país -los grandes países -una gran ciudad -las grandes ciudades Numbers -most numbers are invariablein form and don?t agree with the nouns they precede -hay treinta hombres y cuatro mujeres -uno and numbers ending in ?uno have special forms depending upon gender and number of the noun they precede -un hombre -veintiún hombres -cincuenta y un hombres -una mujer -veintiuna mujeres -cincuenta yuna mujeres -cien is invariable when used alone or when followed by numbers larger than itself. But it becomes ciento when it precedes a number smaller than itself -cien mil libros ? one hundred thousand books -ciento cincuenta libros ? one hundred fifty books -the number ?mil? is not preceded by the indefinite article (un/una) -mil personas -When used with a noun, the number million always occurs with de -un million de habitantes Enlace=link