study guide ch 1

StudyBlue printing of study guide ch 1 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; 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-moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Aristotle data - the facts and figures from which he could infer conclusions theories - sets of statements devised to explain a group of facts associationtism 1. contiguity - spatial or temporal (close together in space or time) 2. frequency - the more often we experience events that are contiguous, the strongly we associate them 3. similarity - if two things are similar the though or sensation of one will tend to trigger a thought of the other empiricism - knowledge acquired through experience Descartes dualism - the principle that the mind and body exist as separate entities, each with different characteristics, governed by its own laws. stimulus - a sensory event from the outside world reflex - stimulus causes fluids to flow through hollow tubes from the eyes to the brain, and then to be reflected back as an outgoing motor response evolution and natural selection erasmus darwin - best known as a vocal proponent of evolution (the theory that species change over time, with new traits or characteristics passed from one generation to the next) lamarck a. traits passed from parent to offspring based on circumstance b. lamarackian evolution 1. soundly rejected but... a. epigenetics Charles Darwin natural selection... need" a. inheritable - traits b. variability c. fitness (most fit for environment = better reproduction) Francis Galton hypothesis - a tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation correlational study - a study that examines the degree to which two variables tend to vary together; as one increase (or decreases) does the other increase (or decrease) too? control group - in an experiment, the group of participants that does not get the experimental treatment experimental group - in an experiment, the group of participants that gets some treatment or manipulation designed to test the experimental hypothesis confounds - an extraneous variable that happens to co-vary with the variable(s) being examined and could contribute to the observed results eugenics - a program for encouraging marriage and procreation for the healthiest, strongest and most intelligent members of society, while discouraging childbearing for mentally or physically unfit people experimental psychology a branch of psychology in which psychological theories are tested by experiment (eg a correlational study) rather than merely by observation of natural occurrence hermann ebbinghaus conducted first rigorous experimental studies of human memory specially interested in forgetting: how memory deteriorates over time independent variable - the factor carefully manipulated in the study dependent variable - the observed factor whose change was being measured placebo - an inactive substance, such as a sugar pill, that is administered to the control subjects in an experiment to compare against the effects of an active substance, such as a drug Ivan Pavlov classical conditioning - a type of learning in which the organism learns to respond with a conditioned response (CR) to a previously neutral stimulus (CS) that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus (US) learning curve -a graph showing learning performance (the dependent variable, usually plotted along the vertical axis) as a function of training time (the independent variable, usually plotted along the horizontal axis) extinction - the process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reward or punishment generalization - the transfer of past learning to novel events and problems Edward Thorndike instrumental/operant conditioning - the process whereby organisms learn to make responses in order to obtain or avoid important consequences law of effect 1. response with positive outcomes will increase the probability of a response 2. responses with negative outcomes decrease in probability 3. darwin: survival of the fittest- similar to law of effect Behaviorism psychology should restrict itself to study of observable behaviors and avoid reference to unobservable, ill-defined mental events radical behaviorism - an extreme form of behaviorism championed by B.F. Skinner holding that consciousness and free will are illusions and that even so-called higher cognitive functions (eg human language) are merely complex sets of stimulus-response associations. Edward Tolman cognitive map - an internal psychological representation of the spatial layout of the external world latent learning - learning that is undetected (latent) until explicitly demonstrated at a later stage mathematical psychology - mathematical psychology - a subfield of psychology that uses mathematical equations to describe the laws of learning and memory Herbert Simon symbols - an internal representation of a concept, quality, idea or other object symbol manipulation models - models of learning and memory that store and manipulate symbols and the labeled links that connect them David Rymelhart connectionist models - networks of uniform and unlabeled connections between simple processing units called nodes distributed representation - a representation in which information is coded as a pattern of activation distributed across many different nodes.