Study guide exam 3

Anthropology 110 with Kramer at University of Tennessee - Knoxville

About this deck

By: Bryce Fitzgerald
Textbook: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (ELEVENTH EDITION WITH EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN MODULE)
Created: 2009-12-05
Size: 143 flashcards
Views: 730

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Early Homo (H. habilis)

habilis means handy.
they thought they were tool makers.
found by Louis Leakey in olduvai gorge, Lake turkana

KNM-ER 1470, 750 c.c.

East side of lake turkana.
1972
Had a big face and a big brain. 750 cc
H. habilis
1.9-1.8 Myr ago

Homo Erectus

east africa
KNM-WT 15000- Turkana Boy
KNM-ER 3733 - excelent rep of early HE

Characterized by bigger brain than anything seen up to that point.
why? - eating meat, increased social complexity, using tools.

KNM-WT 15000

Turkana Boy
most complete hominid fossil found.
5.5 ft tall when died.
found west side of lake turkana
1.5 myr

KNM-ER 3733

1975.
1.7-1.8 Myr
excellent rep of early Homo erectus.
Archaic homo erectus. cranium short up and down, long < > in that direction.

Lake Turkana

East africa
homo erectus found by 1.8 million years ago

Olduvai Gorge

East africa
homo erectus found by 1.8 million years ago

Zhoukoudian

China
homo erectus found 750 - 850 thousand years ago

Java

homo erectus found 1 million years ago in Java

Cranial buttresses

Thickening of skull bones
Provides protection

supra-orbital torus
nuchal torus

Supra-orbital torus

torus above the eyes (thickening of)
cranial buttress

Nuchal torus

Back of skull (neck region)
thickening of
cranial buttress

Cortical Bone

thick, dense bone that makes up limbs

Pleistocene

1.8 Ma
Age of Glaciers
Land bridge

Age of Glaciers

world got cold, formed ice sheets
during Pleistocene
altered migration routes

Land Bridge

idk

Hunting/gathering

Men hunt, women gather
Sexual division of labor.
Men hunt but often bring home nothing, women feed by gathering plant foods.
thus women take care of kids while men hunt: they educate and socialize the young. Women provide and socialize = greater importance.

Acheulean culture

Homo Erectus
tools of stone.

hand-axe/cleaver
biface
core tools
cut-marks

Hand-axe/cleaver

core tools
sharp on one end, blunt on the other
Acheluean culture

Biface

Acheluean culture
worked on both sides

Core tools

made from rock you start with

cut-marks

achuelean culture
in bones from tools.

Archaic H. sapiens

long and low skull

chronospecies
anagenesis
transitional

Chronospecies

divisions of evolving lineage.

Anagenesis

straight line evoltuion, no branches

Transitional

in between h. erectus and h. sapiens

Neandertals

found in german valley
clasically european phenomenon
late surviving: 130-80 thousand years ago
archaic humans: long/low skull, no forehead.
avg. brain bigger than ours

La Chapelle
Boule
Mid-facial projection
barrel chest
short distal limb segments
burial/ritual
Mousterian culture

Marcellin Boule

laid ground work for how neandertals are percieved now.
discovered a skeleton and described and interpreted it in a very non-scientific way.
said Not related to modern humans.

La Chapelle

village where first neandertals were discovered

Mid-facial projection

Neandertals have
almost like a beak, a big broad nose.

Barrel Chest

Neandertals have
broad chest

Short distal limb segments

Characteristic of neandertals
Stocky, powerfully built
elbow to wrist, knee to ankle

char. of neandertals

Surface area/volume ration

surface area- amt. of skin
volume ratio- key ratio wether body is for cold or heat
skin/weight

Bergman and allen's rules

Neandertals are short and stocky, living in glacial conditions

Bergman's & Allen's Rules

bergman talked about body size, allen did limb proportions: short limbs cold environments.

non- masticatory tooth use

non chewing tooth use, teeth were used as tools. such as for wood, or for a vice, etc.

neandertals

Mousterian culture

neandertals
stone tools

Levallois flake
prepared core
flake tools
hafting

Levallois flake

part of Mousterian culture

comes off prepared core, shows real sophistication in tool makers' mind

if done right, can get mult. flakes from a single core.

sharp edges all the way around

more cutting edge per unit of stone that you started with.

prepared core

to make levallois flake

Flake tools

Mousterian culture
idk

Hafting

first evidence of this found in Mousterian culture

making a composite tool

Stone tipped point on wood shaft- spear

Burial/ritual

found with neandertals

with flowers/deer antlers

indicates religion

Modern Human Origins

Controversial

Replacement (eve) model

Multiregional Evolution model

Replacement (eve) model

modern human origins

Chris stringer
mtDNA- diff in us and neans.

speciation event

recent, out of africa.

homo sapien evolved recently in africa, new species spread out, replaced all archaic hominids they encountered including neandertals.

Neandertals diff species than us: homo neandertalensis

Mutliregional evolution model

Modern human origins

milford Wolpoff

earlierst out of africa, recent everywhere.

modern humans are end product of long evo. continuum. living old world human populations are in part descended from their archaic predecessors including neandertals.
subspecies diff. we are homo sapian sapians. they are homo sapien neandertalensis.

Modern Homo Sapiens

Cro magnon
reduced robusticity
3rd molar agenesis
projectile weapons
upper paleolithic

Cro Magnon

site of discovery in France

reduced robusticity

weaker bones
char. of modern homo sapians

3rd molar agenesis

not formed (wisdom teeth)
char. of modern homo sapiens

projectile weapons

atlatl

projectile weapon

induit term.
spear thrower, longer shaft of wood with notch, allows distance.

Upper paleolithic

modern humans in Europe. last of stone tool eras

blades
flake tools
bone, antler
sewing needles
cave art

Blades

part of upper paleolithic
twice as tall as it is wide.
more cutting edge.

flake tools

idk

Bone/ antlers

more new raw materials.
part of upper paleolithic

sewing needles

upper paleolithic

making own clothes

cave art

Europe
Casco alta mira

upper paleolithic

Human adaptation

an individuals attempt to attain/regain homeostasis

Adaptation

Process by which an individual attains a beneficial adjustment to environmental stress.

An individuals attempt to attain/regain homeostasis.

helps us understand how we vary

stress

any environmental factor that disrupts homeostasis

homeostasis

having a stable internal environment
having body a equilibrium

acclimation

biological change due to an experimentally induced stress

short term adaption

tolerances of human body

acclimatization

biological changes occuring during lifetime exposure to complex stress.

long term adaptation

habituation

used to to it vs. not used to it.
as long as it isn't life threatening.

there is a decrease in psychological response and behavioral response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to that stimulus over a duration of time.

genetic adaptation

biologically inherited response that incurs greater fitness to individual (sickle cell)

cultural adaptation

literally removes stress from micro environment
our basis of survival depends on

(coat, heater, etc.)

most important

Heat stress

radiation
convection
vasodilation
sweating

Critical air temperature

heat stress

77-80 degrees farenheit. unclothed at this temp = thermal homeostasis.

passive mechanisms of heat stress

we do nothing, body reacts.

radiation
convection

radiation

passive heat stress mechanism

heat always flows from hotter to cooler surfaces. if skin warmer than surrounding area, goes to air and lose heat.

convection

passive heat stress mechanism

wind. convective heat loss, movement of air accelerates radiation.

active mechanisms of heat stress

if passive doesn't' work, we use active

vasodilation
sweating

vasodilation

active heat stress mechanism

opening veins to return blood to heart by shallow pathway near skin surface

increasing gradient of skin temp and cool surrounding area.

sweating

active heat stress mechanism

evaporation is the key in sweating
we have mroe sweat glands than any other animal

Cold stress

vasoconstriction
lewis hunting waves
countercurrent exchange
metabolism
basal metabolic rate
voluntary exercise
shivering

heat maintenance

vasoconstriction
lewis hunting waves
countercurrent exchange

Vasoconstriction

part of heat maintenance to cold stress

constrict shallow network of veins, return blood to heart through deep veins, reduces gradient of temp thus less radiation.

dangerous if skin goes below 32. frostbite - freezing of skin

Lewis hunting waves

part of heat maintenance to cold stress

alternating waves of vasodiolation and vasoconstriction.

Numb/firey tingling

allows it to open up and prevent freezing of skin

Counter current exchange

part of heat maintenance to cold stress

exchange of heat. arteries are deep that seend blood out in deep veins on top of arteries. arteries and veins take blood in and out one on top of each other.

arteries send out from and veins take blood to the heart. arteries is hot blood, heat is exchanged, thus don't lose heat

heat production

metabolism
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
voluntary exercise
shivering

metabolism

part of heat production

sum total of all body processes that convert nutrients into energy. increase metabolism you produce heat

Basal metabolic rate

part of heat production

amount of energy expended.

if energy lost, less heat.

Voluntary exercise

part of heat production

very inefficient. cannot by conscious control increase heat production.

Shivering

part of heat production

involuntary muscular contraction. (more efficient and does the job)

Australian Aborigines

in their winter; moderate seasonal cold stress, in the evening gets down to upper 30's.

have no cultural adaptations to cold stress,

sleep on ground. BMR's went down and vasoconstriction to where skin temp down to air temp.

don't have to shiver, not wasting calories, no frost bite bc upper 30's.
food shortages in winter leave low calorie intake so they can't waste calories at night shivering.

Eskimos (inuit)

avg. winter 35-50 degrees below 0. summer 46 degrees
severe chronic cold stress

significant cultural adaptation: clothing (caribou/reindeer)
housing (made of ice) 32 inside an igloo.

deal with stress thru exquisite carnivorous diet:
mostly protein. provides high metabolism. they dump the heat out of their skin: hands/face/feet. prevents frostbite.

High altitude

hypoxia
hyperventilation
vascularization
increase blood solids
increase heart rate
englarged lungs/ches
right ventricular hypertrophy
pulmonary blood pressure
delayed maturation

Hypoxia

lack of enough oxygen

Lowlander's response to hypoxia

hyperventilation
vascularization
increase blood solids
increase heart rate

Hyperventilation

Lowlander's response to hypoxia

start breathing faster and deeper

vascularization

Lowlander's response to hypoxia

open up more blood vessels

increase number of solids

Red blood cells increased and hemoglobin increased. production of oxygen carrying molecules in blood.

acute mountain sickness

effect of hypoxia

like a bad flu, avoid by getting to high altitude slowly and drink a lot fluid

pulmonary edema

effect of hypoxia

lungs' fluid builds up,

save person by getting the to sea level.

Highlander's response to hypoxia

englarged lungs/chest
right ventricular hypertrophy
pulmonary blood pressure
delayed maturation

Enlarged lungs/chest
hypoxia

Highlanders' response to hypoxia
grow bc when they are little they have to breath.
greater lung volume take in more air per breath

Right ventricular hypertrophy

highlanders' response to hypoxia
right size is englarged, it pumps blood to the body.

pulmonary blood pressure

highlanders' response to hypoxia

2x more than reg.

increased to get more blood per beat of heart to lung.

delayed maturation

highlanders' response to hypoxia

skeletal delayed,
muscular/sexual systems delayed too.
delayed beginning of growth spurt

Diet and Disease

lactose intolerance
novel environments

Lactose intolerance

ceased producing enzyme to digest milk. lactase is the enzyme.

Pastoralism: populations that have cows/sheep/goats enhanced ability to digest milk

novel environments in relation to diet and disease

have not been living in cities most of existence, but rather hunting and gathering in small groups.

salt and hyper tension
sugar and diabetes

Salt and hypertension

high blood pressure.

Sugar and diabetes

novel environments

inability to produce insulin to metabolize sugar.

type I - from childhood. 10% of people. inability to produce insulin
Type II - 90% body ignores insulin to store sugars build up.

"Junk food monkeys"

baboons near a tinted camp/garbage dump. within home range, sleep in rather getting up. spend hours eating garbage - more fat, sugar, meat.

good: excess energy= reproduce better and babies grow quicker bc less birth interval.

bad:33% rise in cholesterol, higher insulin levels.

Solar Radiation

ultra violet
vit D
melanin
skkin cancer
malignant melanoma
folic acid
rickets
frost bite

Ultra-violet

is a key component to allow us to produce vitamin D (calcium for bones)

Vitamin D

synthesized by skin when skin struck by UVR's

calcium
absoption
transport

Melanin

one of many pigments of the skin, cannot be penetrated by UVR's

covers nucleus of keratinocytes. (DNA protected)

melanocytes
keratinocytes

Melanocytes

specialized cells that produce melanin in epidermus
bigger in dark skin populations.

Keratinocytes

normal skin cells in epidermus. nucleus protected by melanin

skin cancer

number 1 reason why dark skin evolved

malignant melanoma

skin cancer that kills.
travels through blood.

folic acid and folate

Important for brain development (spinal cord) gotten from leafy greens and vegies)

Folic acid transform into folate. UVR destroys folate

Rickets

bowed legs is classic example of,
happens when not enough vit. D

Frost bite

light skin prevents forst bite better than dark skin.

Age of exploration

history of race concept

accentuated recognition of differences of people. travel by boat from europe to wherever. not intermediate points, drastic differences.

Linnaeus

taxonimized humans to codify beavioral differences by skin differences 1758.

Blumenbach

1752-1840
devised modern racial categories (Caucasian, etc.). skin color/geography were the basis

monogenism

S.S. Smith

1751-1819

professor/clergyman had experience in America others did not. had day to day contact with slaves/native americans

monogenism

Monogenism

explanation for human diversity (biblical) single origin. adam and eve original sin spread to the corners of the world

SS smith
Blumenbach

S.G. Morton

1799-1851

Physician from Philadelphia, looked at skulls (size/shape)

wrote crania americana
and crania aegyptiaca

polygenism

believed in young earth

Crania Americana 1839
Crania Aegyptiaca 1844

native americans
egypt

compared and saw differences. all created spearately not enough time to come from single pair

Polygenism

multiple origins/creations of the races. adam and eve only progenitors of europeans. progressive and new

SG Morton

Gliddon and Nott

2 researchers (british and alabama) focused on inequality of human races. published in 1850's. supported slavery.

Paul Broca

1824 - 1880

father of french physical anthropology
racist
believed races created separately and were distinct.

Modern attempts at defining race

T. Dobzhansky
S. Garn

T. Dobzhansky

Russian expatriot

tried to define race as breeding populations that differ from others in one or more genetic traits

problem there would be 1000's

S. Garn

tried to define race with three parts
Geographic race: continents
Local race: tribes
micro race: smaller subsets

problem is that it says nothing about relationships.

Problem with the race concept

historical
biological

Historical problems with race concept

age of exploration started race issue

Pre-darwinian
typological
exploitative

Pre-darwinian

historical problem
idea of race developed in anti-evolutionary time.

typological

historical problem

way creation percieved

great chain of being - hierarchy - immutable - way organized

everything had a type.

exploitative

historical problem

people of race are different and less of humans. exploit them.
names used to dehumanize people.

Biological problems with race concept

biologically arbittrary
differences between groups
non-unique traits

Biologically arbitrary

gene flow makes
no consensus in definition of race in biology

differences between groups in biological problem of race

if we look for these, they should be localized in races. genes should be really different, but they're not.

non-unique traits

biological problem

skin color/asian eyes are not unique to just one race. they are in a bunch of races.

Intelligence & IQ

scientific racism
Jensen and shockley
herrenstein and murray; rushton

scientific racism

arguments are racist and influenced by culture

Jensen and Shockley

60's
difference in 15pt IQ difference says african americans are mentally inferior.

Herrenstein and Murray; Rushton 90's

idk

Alternative to race -- Cline

patterned, non-random variation in a trait over geographic space that is maintained by natural selection.

explanatory
biologically useful
skin color - varies by latitude, darkens in lower and lighter higher

Sickle cell

Richard Lowantin 1972

looked at genetic traits in diff groups "races"
94% of traits were present in each of 7 races, genetic variation of 6% can be described by diffs.

About this deck

By: Bryce Fitzgerald
Textbook: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (ELEVENTH EDITION WITH EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN MODULE)
Created: 2009-12-05
Size: 143 flashcards
Views: 730

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
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