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verbal

translation issues, use of slang

nonverbal

use of time, emotion, space, rhythem, use of voice, ext

small group communication

definition (size differentiates from interpersonal)

REVIEW

what we should emphasize from each sections
FROM SUPPLEMENTS ? don't worry about it as much

what we should emphasize from each sections

Intercultural communication
small group communication: definition (size differentiates from interpersonal)
interviewing
burnout
different styles of conflict management
public communication
rhetoric
persuasion of mass audiences
Health communication and media

Intercultural communication

verbal and nonverbal communication problems that occur within intercultural communication
verbal: translation issues, use of slang
nonverbal: use of time, emotion, space, rhythem, use of voice, ext.

small group communication: definition (size differentiates from interpersonal)

reflective thinking model (not every step but the following)
METHODS OF DEVELOPING SOLUTIONS AND DECISION MAKING
groupthink ! What is group think and symptoms of group think
examples of group think
different forms of leadership

interviewing

different types of interview
general dos and don'ts of interviews
components of interviews
sequences and when you use them

components of interviews

different types of question
can't ask if someone has been arrested from a felony (not a conviction)
know the different probes ? examples as opposed to definition

public communication

intrinsic and extrinsic credibility
modes of delivery (4)
components of INTRODUCTION (don't worry about the conclusion as much)
DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONAL TPYES
psychographic features

intrinsic and extrinsic credibility

intrinsic ? first time

rhetoric

Aristotle's definition * (know this) : faculty in any given situation of observing the available means of persuasion
characteristics of rhetoric
examples of rhetorical artifacts
BIG things about rhetoric situations
KEY QUESTION: was it a fitting response (don't worry about timing and complexity)
traditionally people looked only at speeches

modes of delivery (4)

impromptu
speaking from manuscript
ext.

DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONAL TPYES

don't worry about 4 cs

persuasion of mass audiences

different types of people ? adopters, early adopters, ext. know the differences, not necessarily the percents
KNOW THE MEDIA EFFECTS THEORIES!!!!! differences among them

characteristics of rhetoric

mass communication
public issues

examples of rhetorical artifacts

constitution
a speech
ads
images (soldier crying)

BIG things about rhetoric situations

audience
exigence
constraints

Health communication and media

advertising ? effects in advertising
steps in health promotion campaign

KNOW THE MEDIA EFFECTS THEORIES!!!!! differences among them

hypodermic
two steps
uses and gratifications
cultivation and mean world syndrome
agenda setting

steps in health promotion campaign

define situation and potential benefits
analyze and segment audience
establish campaign goals and objectives
select channels of communication
designing campaign messages ? choose a voice
piloting and implementing campaign
evaluate and maintain campaign

designing campaign messages ? choose a voice

emotional and logical appeals
different types of appeals ? facts and stats vs. stories

KEY QUESTION

was it a fitting response (don't worry about timing and complexity)

Define intercultural

communication.

Understand each of the dimensions of culture and be able to give examples of countries and cultures that demonstrate each category

(KNOW COUNTRIES NOT EXAMPLES ? review online)

book

dispersal of people from their homeland

Understand the 3 approaches to studying culture.

Social science approach
sociology or psych using quantitative methods and...
cross-cultural studies looking at norms or conflict of...
interpretive approach
anthropology or linguistics using field studies and...
she believes this can be biased because you become...
critical approach
understanding and creating change by examining relations...

individualism

focus on oneself in terms of achievement, competition, and independence

Australia

nonverbal norms of eye contact, being on time, not littering, afternoon tea with light supper or snack

Understand each of the dimensions of culture and be able to give examples of countries and cultures that demonstrate each category (KNOW COUNTRIES NOT EXAMPLES ? review online)

individualism and collectivism

collectivism

focus on the larger whole of a group, family, organization, or culture → values the good of pleasing others

Latin American countries

shower often, bring gifts, discuss politics, use titles

high context

LOTS of CONTEXT → lots of formality and context; non verbal norms VERy important but not stated → need to know more about nonverbal norms ; typical of collectivist cultures → less speaking, more observing

low context

more emphasis on VERBAL communications; typical of individualistic cultures → personal space, sitting at restaurants with strangers, don't joke much in business which is a serious matter (Germany)

low power distance

US → verbal communication like thank you, please, ext., shake firmly when shaking hands .

masculine

high value on material success, fast-paced, focused on achievement, progressive ( the north and in the city)

feminine

the country → family and traditional values, slow-paced, laid back, not concerned about time, emphasis on prefixes (Mr, Miss, ma'am) (south)

high uncertainty avoidance

very comfortable with the norm and do not want change

low uncertainty avoidance

comfortable with change

Verbal

translation, use of slang

non verbal

use of time, use of space, paralanguage, use of emotion

Advantages

more people for delegation, various experiences/backgrounds, better outcomes, more creative solutions, better comprehension of ideas, more satisfied with conclusions/decisions

disadvantages

takes a lot of time to coordinate schedules, dominating members who are controlling of the group, lazy members, not working together (delegating inefficiently)

analyze the problem

break down into more detail, how serious is it, what are the ethical implications

establish criteria

all group members in agreement, guidelines to determine the best solution

Brainstorming

spontaneous contribution of ideas by all members

nominal group technique

each person silently creates, then all are shared

electronic brainstorming

searching up the internet for solutions

task

initiating/contributing ideas, information seeking/information giving, opinion seeking/giving, elaborating, energizing, assisting on procedure, recording

What are some verbal and nonverbal communication problems occurring within intercultural communication

Verbal: translation, use of slang
non verbal: use of time, use of space, paralanguage, use of emotion
To overcome problems

building

encouraging, harmonizing, compromising, gatekeeping, setting standards, observing, following

high context: LOTS of CONTEXT ? lots of formality and context; non verbal norms VERy important but not stated ? need to know more about nonverbal norms ; typical of collectivist cultures ? less speaking, more observing

in Japan you remove shoes, offer gifts, avoid PDA, use last names to show family identity, ?yes? can mean ?non? because saying ?no? is rude

Forming

initial encounters/ice breaking, setting norms, on best behavior

storming

more comfortable so there is more arguing, confusion over goals, more fighting than accomplishment

norming

agree on rules of behavior, common goal, excitement about working together

preforming

getting the job done, little conflict, consensus and maximum productivity, most members are pulling their weight

Trait theory

leaders are born, and have leadership traits like intelligence, confidence, social skills, energy, enthusiasm, good verbal skills

functional theory

leaders are defined by what they do, has group agenda and is running errands, evaluating new ideas, and energizing the group

situational theory

adapting leadership style to situational factors, leader gauges how to lead based on the group

transformational theory

new visions to transform the group, develop trust and have good relationships, creates a shared vision and finds ways to challenge existing thinking

Information sharing interview

interviewer and interviewee both gather and share information

employment interview

learn about the company you may work for, let the company know your qualifications, gauge whether or not you will fit with the company

work appraisal/performance interview

talk about how you are performing and discuss future promotions and improvement

Open

allows the interviewee to give more information

closed

limits how much information the interviewee should give

leading questions

encourages interviewee to give a specific response (a question to avoid; interviewee may give inaccurate information about themselves)

loaded questions

you won't be able to answer and appear favorable to interviewer (question to avoid)

probing

encourages interviewee to give more information

nudging probe

encourages interviewee to continue answering (go on, tell me more)

silent probe

don't say anything and encourage interviewee to continue using gestures (person wants to break the awkward silence)

reflective probe

repeat what they said in your own words and offer insight

mirror probe

repeat what they said in your own words

hypothetical

ask interviewee what they would do in a certain situation

To overcome problems

avoid ethnocentrism, tolerate ambiguity, be open minded, learn about other cultures
become educated to avoid miss communication

Funnel

start with open questions and end with closed questions; used when interviewee is comfortable will questions that allow for a range of responses

inverted funnel

start with closed questions and move on to open questions; use for shy interviewees to get them comfortable speaking

Define a small group.

interdependence is key

surface acting

putting on a friendly face

What are the advantages and disadvantages of working in groups

Advantages: more people for delegation, various experiences/backgrounds, better outcomes, more creative solutions, better comprehension of ideas, more satisfied with conclusions/decisions
disadvantages: takes a lot of time to coordinate schedules, dominating members who are controlling of the group, lazy members, not working together (delegating inefficiently)

deep acting

more realistic emotions taught by employer

Stress

aspects of work that are difficult to deal with → occurs every so often

burnout

wearing out from work pressures

Emotional exhaustion

worn out mentally

What is groupthink

Pressure to conform leads to vulnerable decisions

depersonalization

develop unfavorable personal opinions of people and expect the worst from them

Physiological

high blood pressure and heart disease

attitudinal

work satisfaction and commitment

behavioral

turnover

group task roles and group building roles are helpful

task: initiating/contributing ideas, information seeking/information giving, opinion seeking/giving, elaborating, energizing, assisting on procedure, recording
building: encouraging, harmonizing, compromising, gatekeeping, setting standards, observing, following

Identify and define the stages of group development.

Forming: initial encounters/ice breaking, setting norms, on best behavior
storming: more comfortable so there is more arguing, confusion over goals, more fighting than accomplishment
norming:agree on rules of behavior, common goal, excitement about working together
preforming: getting the job done, little conflict, consensus and maximum productivity, most members are pulling their weight

Social networks

like job more

Understand different forms of leadership.

Trait theory: leaders are born, and have leadership traits like intelligence, confidence, social skills, energy,...
functional theory: leaders are defined by what they do, has group agenda and is running errands, evaluating new...
situational theory: adapting leadership style to situational factors, leader gauges how to lead based on the group
transformational theory: new visions to transform the group, develop trust and have good relationships, creates a...

emotional support

listening, talking

informational support

;providing information or advice

instrumental support

tangible assistance (like food or money)

Avoidance

low concern for your needs or the needs of someone else, unsatisfied, both parties know it needs to be resolved → lose-lose

accommodation

letting another person have their way, lose-win, still tension for person who is accommodating

compromise

both people get a little of what they want but not all of what they want ; negotiated lose-lose

collaboration

work together for a common solution → win win

bargaining

strategy used to settle inter-group or inter-organizational conflicts

third party resolution

managerial conflict resolution where manager settles conflcits between employees and outside party conflict resolution where there is a mediator to facilitate the discussion

relational

one person has more power in the re-ship, some re-ships more volatile than others

cultural factors

intercultural considerations → less successful because of different nonverbals, some cultures more talkative and aggressive

Authoritativeness

command of subject → intelligent, informed, competent, prestigious

dynamism

passion and intensity

Impromptu speaking

speaking without advance preparation, off the cuff; when answering a question in class

speaking from memory

memorizing a script, speaking word for word, takes a lot of time and effort, focus on delivery and audience → people in theatre

speaking from manuscript

DELIVERING not reading word for word → news anchors, politicians

speaking extemporaneously

delivering from notes/from outline, allows focus on speech, self and audience → most recommended form

introduction

attention getter, audience relevance, state topic, establish credibility, preview main points

conclusion

summary of main points, audience motivation (what should we do with the information the speaker has presented)

vivid ending

refer back to attention getting device and use a circular ending

Public Communication

What are the dimensions of source credibility

Informative

chronological order (how to), spatial order (entertainment options in Madison), topic division (pros and cons, mnemonic device for catchy way (journalist's six questions)

persuasive

casual (cause, effect, solution), problem-solution (problem, cause, solution)

Primacy theory

strongest arguments first used when audience is against the topic

recency theory

strongest arguments last used when audience is for a topic

one side

audience is against the topic

two side

audience is for a topic

What are the dimensions of source credibility

Authoritativeness: command of subject ? intelligent, informed, competent, prestigious
character: perceived trustworthiness: likable, reliable, motivated
dynamism: passion and intensity

What are the four different ways to deliver a speech

What are some simple ways to reduce speaking anxiety
Identify the attention getting devices.
Know the components of an introduction and conclusion
If given a speech topic, be able to identify the best way to organize the body.
Differentiate between different psychographic features of an audience.
What are some techniques for organizing arguments depending upon the beliefs of the audience
Understand the Toulmin Model.

Claim

assertion you hope the listener will accept → thesis and main points (usually presents a counter argument to claim)

data

verifiable evidence → reasons to support the claim (personal experiences and facts)

warrant

major assumption shared with audience, connects data with claim

qualifier

words that limit claim in some way → chance claim from absolute to probable

reservation

states circumstances for qualification of claim (too many reservations makes for a weak argument)

backing

providing support that strengthens the reasoning of the data and the warrant

What are some simple ways to reduce speaking anxiety

Deep breathing
yawn
muscle relaxation
positive visualization to get comfortable

Identify the attention getting devices.

Rhetorical questions ? how much longer do we have to go without health care
direct questions ? how long have you gone without health care
suspension of topic to arouse curiosity
use humor
use quotation
tell a story
paint a word picture ? very vivid story

Know the components of an introduction and conclusion

introduction: attention getter, audience relevance, state topic, establish credibility, preview main points
conclusion summary of main points, audience motivation (what should we do with the information the speaker has presented)
vivid ending: refer back to attention getting device and use a circular ending

If given a speech topic, be able to identify the best way to organize the body.

Informative: chronological order (how to), spatial order (entertainment options in Madison), topic division (pros and cons, mnemonic device for catchy way (journalist's six questions)
persuasive: casual (cause, effect, solution), problem-solution (problem, cause, solution)

Differentiate between different psychographic features of an audience.

Beliefs (declarative statements you accept as true) , attitudes (personal experience of approval or disapproval), intentions (predictions of whether or not a behavior will take place), behavior (actual performance)

Bryant (1972)

“the art of adapting ideas to people and people to ideas”

What are some techniques for organizing arguments depending upon the beliefs of the audience

Primacy theory: strongest arguments first used when audience is against the topic
recency theory: strongest arguments last used when audience is for a topic
one side: audience is against the topic
two side: audience is for a topic
different presentation for novices and experts

Understand the Toulmin Model.

Claim: assertion you hope the listener will accept ? thesis and main points...
data: verifiable evidence ? reasons to support the claim (personal...
warrant: major assumption shared with audience, connects data with claim
qualifier: words that limit claim in some way ? chance claim from absolute...
reservation : states circumstances for qualification of claim (too many...
backing: providing support that strengthens the reasoning of the data and...

a provisional definition

the process and product of strategically using symbols to influence people's thoughts or actions

donald c. Bryant (1972) : ?the art of adapting ideas to people and people to ideas?

changing beliefs, attitudes, and behavior

pragmatic

exists for a specific purpose

Audience

only people that are capable of being influenced

constraints

have the potential to limit actions or decisions → intrinsic and extrinsic constraints

FIRST TIME

INTRINSIC

delayed feedback

of the communication

Rich

instant feedback more available, multiple cues and natural language, more personal focus (vs

lean

instant feedback less available, not many cues or natural language, more generic focus → more ambiguity (like fax)

Innovators

2.5% of the population, risk takers, well educated, high income, adopting right away .

early adopters

13.5% of the population that should be marketed to; highly educated and wealthy but more recognized and respected among peers, play key role in adoption process .

early majority

30% ; take more time to adopt but adopt more quickly than the average person

late majority

34% ; education and limited income, jump on right after the early majority, not willing to make change unless the majority of the population has done so already, adopt because of economic peer pressure, are constantly weary of adoption and question whether or not they really need it

Hypodermic need model

magic bullet → media has a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audience → inconclusive about kids (minimal effects) but cultural beliefs about race and ethnic stereotypes are learned and reinforced

two step flow model: not directly from media to population : media ? opinion leaders ? population ; message changed more and more as it flows from one person to another

uses and gratifications model: people USE...
Cultivation theory : TV makes people think...
What is Mean World Syndrome
Tied to cultivation theory
people think the world is a mean and scary...
tv violence distorts real perception of the...
What are the key components of Cultivation Theory
Mainstreaming ? heavy viewing may overcome...
resonance ? daily doses of tv amplify cultivation
cultivation differential ? differences...

Cultivation theory

TV makes people think that the world is a mean, scary place; involves mainstreaming → heavy viewing may overcome differences in individual perspectives and behavior that come from other factors/influences, resonance → viewing provides a “double dose” of messages and amplifies cultivation, and cultivation differential → differences in perceptions of reality between heavy and light

Pros

awareness of health products and options, forced to market benefits of products (like food products- higher fiber, whole wheat, no trans fat)

cons

pricey ads increase price of product, assumption that highly advertised brands are better than less advertised store brands, americans becoming more preoccupied and obsessed with health

What is pathologizing the human body

Normal health conditions portrayed as weird or abnormal

On women

eating disorders like bulimia, anorexia, overexercising, diabulimia ; 90% of eating disorders in female and being in adolescents

on men

steroid abuse by trying to be more muscular that is linked to depression, liver damage, and cardio vascular disease

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Communication Arts 260 with Anderson at University of Wisconsin - Madison

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