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Anthropology 110 with Cridlin at University of Tennessee - Knoxville

About this deck

By: Sara Duckett
Textbook:

Introduction to Physical Anthropology 2009-2010 Edition
Created: 2010-09-27
Size: 69 flashcards
Views: 88

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Anthropology

4 main subfields. All aspects of humanity. Means of explaining variation in human adaptations.

Cultural

study of global patterns in human culture in past and present.

Ethnographic studies.

Linguistic

study of human speech and language (including origins)
Able to trace historical ties b/w languages

Archaeology

study of earlier cultures. Scientific recovery, analysis, interpretation of material remains of past societies. Artifacts, excavation.

Biological/Physical

study of human biology w/in the framework of evolution and emphasis on interaction b/w bio and culture.

Paleoanthropology

study of anatomical and behavioral human evolution as shown in the fossil record.

Anthropometry

measurement of human body parts; obvious differences among human population like skin color, body proportions, and shape of head and face.

Osteology

study of skeletal material; interpretation of skeletal remains from archaeological sites, skeletal anatomy, bone physiology, etc.

Forensic Anthropology

related to osteology and applied approach to dealing with legal matters

Human Adaptation and Variation

traits of certain populations can be seen as having evolved as bio adaptations or adjustments to local environmental conditions

Molecular Anthro

investigate evolutionary relationships b/w human populations and b/w human and nonhuman primates.

Primatology

study of biology and behavior of nonhuman primates

Scientific Method

approach to research; identify problem, state hypothesis, test hypothesis

Hypothesis

explanation of a phenomenon; requires verification of falsification through testing

Theory

powerful explanation that withstands the test of time; testable

Falsifiablity

could be disproven

Great Chain of Being

Life is arranged from simplest to most complex species

Fixity of Species

(stasis) the world is fixed and unchanging

John Ray

brought order to science;biological species concept: groups of plants and animals could differentiate by mating: genus- share similar characteristics, species- can mate and produce fertile offspring

Linnaeus

father of modern taxonomy (science of classification);binomial nomenclature: two latin words to describe a plant or animal(genus then species), added class and order to be a 4 step system; Systema Natura- starting point of zoological nomenclature

Buffon

Natural History: importance of change in universe and changing nature of species
Adaptation: when groups migrate, physical altercations occur due to adapting to new environment
First to say earth was older than 6000 yrs. (76,000)

Lemarck

first to explain evolutionary process
if external environment changed, animals activity patterns change
-increase or decrease of body parts (modification)
Offspring acquired these characteristics; inheritance of acquired characteristics

Cuvier

introduced extinction to explain the disappearance of animals represented by fossils
father of paleontology- studied fossils
catastrophism- explained fossil record and the cause of earth's geological landscape

Thomas Malthus

Wrote "Essay of Population"
population is held in check by availability of resources
influenced Darwin and Wallace in their discoveries of natural selection

Charles Lyell

Founder of modern geology; first to believe earth was a million yrs. old; geological uniformitarianism- geological processes seen today are the same that occured in the past

Alfred Wallace

discovered the key to the evolutionary process; current species appeared from ancient species and their appearance was due to environmental factors
sent a paper to Darwin explaining that evolution was due to natural selection and competition

Charles Darwin

naturalist; On the Origin of Species- foundation of evolutionary biology; studied finches on Galapagos Islands
natural selection- survival of the fittest
fitness- genetic contribution to next generation compared to other individuals

natural selection

biological variation; competition; individuals with favorable variations have advantage; environmental context determine a beneficial trait; traits are inherited and passed down; succesful variations accumulate in a population over long time

genome

entire genetic makeup of an individual or species

cell

fundamental units of life in all living organisms

prokaryotic

one celled organisms such as bacteria

eukaryotic

three dimensional structure composed of carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

organelles

specified sub-unit within a cell that has a specific function and is usually separated enclosed within its own lipid bilayer

cytoplasm

portion of cell within the cell membrane excluding the nucleus; semifluid materials and numerous structures

mitochondria

"cellular power plants"; generate most of cell's supply of ATP (source of chemical energy); involved in signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, and control of cell cycle and cell growth.

mtDNA

located in mitochondria

Ribosomes

composed of a form of RNA called ribosomal RNA and protein found in cells cytoplasm essential to manfacture of proteins

nucleus

structure found in all eukaryotic cells containing chromosomes

somatic cells

cellular components of body tissues such as muscle, bone, skin, nerve, heart, and brain> diploid cell (two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent)

gametes

sex cells, specifically involved in reproduction and are not important as structural components of the body> haploid cells(complete set of chromosomes); egg and sperm cells

DNA

double stranded molecule that contains genetic code, main component of chromosomes: basis of life; directs all cellular functions; two chains of nucleotides

nucleotides

composed of sugar, phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases> stacked on top of each other to form a chair that is bonded to another chain

double helix

twisted ladder formed by two strands of nucleotide chains: bases and bonds form rungs

organic bases

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (AGTC); base pairs can only be formed b/w A-T and C-G

DNA replication

for organisms to grow and injured tissues to heal, somatic cells must multiply and split into daughter cells

enzymes

specialized proteins that initiate and direct chemical reactions in the body

Proteins

complex, three dimensional molecules that function through their ability to bind to other molecules

Protein synthesis

directed by DNA; takes place outside cell nucleus in the cytoplasm at the ribosome

amino acids

link together by peptide bonds to form proteins or that function as chemical messengers and as intermediates in metabolism

transcription

copy the DNA message into a form of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA) which can pass through nuclear membrane into cytoplasm; DNA splits; mRNA detaches and DNA recloses

translation

mRNA gets DNA code and travels to ribosome: transfer RNA (tRNA) picks up amino acids and travels to ribosome where it meets mRNA and joins; amino acids form polypeptide chain which becomes the protein

codon

every set of 3 mRNA bases that specify one amino acid

RNA

single stranded, contains ribose, and instead of thymine it contains uracil

mRNA

encodes a chemical "blueprint" from a protein product, transcribed from a DNA template, carries coding info to sites of protein synthesis: ribosomes

tRNA

small RNA molecule that transfers a specific active amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation

gene

segment of DNA that specifies the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein

exons

parts that code> transcribed into mRNA

Introns

non-coding DNA; removed in mRNA synthesis

mutation

change in the gene> occurs when the sequence of bases in a gene is altered, interfere with organisms ability to produce vital proteins

point mutation

change in a single base in a DNA sequence, beneficial but can cause disease like sickle cell anemia: in evolution, most important source of new variations in populations

chromosome

discrete structures composed of DNA and protein found only in the nucleus of cells

centromere

constricted portion of a chromosome; after replication, the two strands join here

autosomes

carry genetic info for physical characteristics

locus

specific location of a chromosome where DNA is

allele

alternate forms of genes

karyotype

number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

mitosis

cell division of somatic cell: simple cell division; cells only divide once

meiosis

cell division of gametes

recombination

only happens during meiosis, the process by which genetic material is broken and joined to other genetic material

About this deck

By: Sara Duckett
Textbook:

Introduction to Physical Anthropology 2009-2010 Edition
Created: 2010-09-27
Size: 69 flashcards
Views: 88

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj