Test 1

a situation in which the competitive structures of a capitalist economy fail to provide a commodity deemed worthy by the public

the tools that governments use to see the goals/values that the society has deemed are important

a system of government that permits citizens to vote directly on laws and policies; for this system to work: number of citizens must be small, property and wealth must be distributed nearly equally, and society must be culturally homogenous

proposed laws or constitutional amendments placed on ballot by citizen petition

laws or state constitutional amendments proposed by a legislative body that require voter approval before going into effect

a system of government in which citizens select representatives to make public policy decisions

unicameral congress; weak executive; no judiciary, congress could wage war; make peace; treaties and alliances; appoint/receive ambassadors, all powers not expressly granted to congress were reserved for the states, congress expressly could NOT levy taxes, produce/require a standardized currency, or raise an army

when farmers became violent to protect their land from the government and from being taken from them or being sent to debtor’s jail

created a senate with equal state representation and a house with seats proportionate to population

states slave population would be multiplied by three-fifths when determining both taxes and house seats

the people who supported the constitution many national politicians and newspapermen

those who opposed the ratification of the Constitution many of those were local figures

a form of government which most legal power is located in the central or national government

the belief that multiple sources of government authority cold coexist, each with its own sphere of responsibility and strong central government

weak central government

2 formal units

intergovernmental grants with a broad set of objectives, minimal restrictions, and maximum discretion for local officials

a wide array of proposals expanding the federal government’s power to stimulate economic recovery

the return of governmental responsiblities to state and local governments

Acknowledge from other states

-Divorce

-License

-Marriage-- not gay marriage

Privileges and immunities

-Treat others as you would treat your own

-NOT out of state tuition, gun laws, license for hunting

Extradition/Rendition

-Crime and flee—must be returnable

Interstate Compacts

-Peaceful coexistence

a 12^th grade student who brought a gun to school, this was the first US Supreme Court Case since the new deal.

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes

The division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision (or policy) making, The allocation of constitutional authority to each of the three branches of the national government each with a separate constituency base and term of office

A mobilized, concentrated group of people focused upon a particular policy objective AKA A MOB

o Necessary and proper clause (draft) aka elastic clause

o Interstate commerce clause

-Heart of Atlanta Hotel

-Katerback vs. McClary

-1995 Lopez

o National supremacy clause

-PA vs. Nelson

-PA tried to pass a law that the national gov had already passed

aka elastic clause makes all laws which are necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government

legislative and executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary

citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities

states to be peaceful with one another in their co existence

powers of the state government to have courts

powers reserved for the states that were not stated in the constitution

a black man who sued the government for his freedom but was denied his rights

constitutional provisions, laws and practices that protect individuals from government interference, what governments CANNOT do, “negative freedom”

governmental responsibility for guaranteeing that all citizens are able to participate as equals in the practices of democratic life, what governments MUST do, “positive freedom”

nothing can be published without your consent

the rights read to you when you are being arrested

also the Bill of rights

a test used to determine if an individuals right to religious free exercise has been violated by the government

when government passes a neutral, generally applicable law to prevent criminal behavior individuals cannot claim religious exemption

written, broadcast, and other published words that give a negative image

makes requirements for legislation concerning religion; must have secular legislative purpose, did not permit laws to advance or inhibit either one religion or religion in general, and considered it one sign of a religious establishment if the law entangled public officials with religious institutions or activities

the director of Planned Parenthood was fined $100 for violating a state law prohibiting the use of contraceptives

abortion should be in private and have a right to privacy

extended privacy rights to include sodomy

privileges and immunities, due process of law, equal protection

congress should make no law respecting an establishment of religion

goes with the establishment clause in saying it prohibits the free exercise of

rules for living in certain neighborhoods restricting you from living in that neighborhood Shelly vs. Kremer 1948

professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of the government

the discriminatory action has a substantial relationship to an important state objective (gay and age)

the discriminatory action has a necessary relationship to a compelling state objective (race and religion)

separation occurring as the result of private decisions made by individuals

the separations of races by law as practiced in the south

segregation within the work place is prohibited

a proposed amendment that failed to gain ratification

if your grandfather voted so can you

states that states must give everyone “equal protection of the law”

the constitution’s first 10 amendments and were passed through the Federalist-controlled congress