Test 1

Biology 102 with Rowe at University of Tennessee - Knoxville

About this deck

By: Stacy Moore
Textbook:

Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections with MasteringBiology� (7th Edition)
Created: 2012-02-04
Size: 100 flashcards
Views: 148

About StudyBlue

STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school. Things like online flashcards with photos and audio. Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next. Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone. STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy

Sign up (free) to study this.

what are the different types of adaptation?

Behavioral
Structural
Biochemical
Physiological

Adaptation

An Adjustment to environmental conditions

Fitness

the contribution one individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals.

natural selection

A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals with other characteristics.

Darwins theory of natural selection

he presented two main concepts-life evolves- change occurs as a result of "descent with modification", with natural selection as the mechanism

artificial selection

breeding for a desired trait, animal breeders, are often able to change the characteristics of domestic animals.

what are the oldest known fossils

Dinosaurs

Fossil Record

the ordered sequence of fossils as they appear in rock layers, reveals the appearance of organisms in a historical sequence, fits the molecular and cellular evidence that prokaryotes are the ancestors of all life

what are the two most important points that came from Darwins observations

all species tend to produce excessive numbers of offspring
organisms vary, and much of this variation is heritable

Homology

The similarity in structures due to common ancestry

what are some of the evidences for evolution

the fossil record,
bio geography
comparative anatomy
comparative embryology
molecular biology

examples of natural selection

the evolution of finches on the Galapagos islands
pesticide-resistant insects
antibotic-resistant bacteria
drug-resistant strains of HIV

molecular biology

the heredity background of an organism is documented in its DNA, the proteins encoded by the dna

evolutionary tree diagram

the first forms of life on earth form the common trunk
at each fork is the last common ancestor to all the branches extending from that fork

modern synthesis

the fusion of genetics with evolutionary biology

evolution

the genetic composition of a population changes over time

how does evolution relate to populations?

a population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time changing over generations.
evolutionary adaptation

micro evolution

comparatively minor evolutionary change involving the accumulation of variations in populations usually below the species level.

macro evolution

it results in relativity large and complex changes

what are 3 causes of evolutionary change?

genetic Drift
gene flow
natural selection

what are some sources of genetic variation>

mutations
changes in the DNA of an organisms
sexual recombination
the shuffling of alleles during meiosis

Hardy-Weinberg formula

it can be used to calculate the frequencies of genotypes in a gene pool from the frequencies of alleles

what the 3 general outcomes of natural selection?

directional selection
disruptive selection
stabilizing selection

sexual dimorphism

a distinction in appearance between males and females

populations

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time changing over generations

genetic drift

A Change in the gene pool of a small pop. due to chance

founders effect

likley when a few individuals colonize an isolated habiatiat and represent genetic drift in a new colony

how do insects and bacteria become resistant

insecticide application
chromosome with gene conferring resistance to pesticide
survivors,
reproduction

INDIVIDUALS DO NOT EVOLVE

POPULATIONS EVOLVE

are natural selection and evolution the same?

no, Natural Selection is about inherited characteristics and evolution is the genetic composition of a population changes over time.

speciation

the focal point of macroevolution

allopatric speciation

due to geographic isolation

sympatric speciation

without geographic isolation

polyploidy

they have more than two chromosomes.

Convergent evolution

involves superficially similar structures in unrelated organisms based on natural selection

species

a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name

prezygotic barriers

prevent mating or fertilization between species
Ex: Temporal isolation- Nocturnal , Habitat Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Mechanical isolation- Isn't able to work. Gametic Isolation- only males or females

Postzygotic barriers

operate if interspecies mating occurs and hybrid zygotes form.
Ex: Reduced hybrid viability, Reduced Hybrid Fertility, Hybrid Breakdown

punctuated equilibrium model of evolution

Long periods of little change, equilibrium, punctuated by abrupt episodes of speciation

biological species concept

a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

exaptation

a structure that evolves in one context, but becomes adapted for another function

evo-devo-evolutionary developmental biology

The study of the evolution of developmental processes in multicellular organisms

Paedomorphosis

the retention into adulthood of features that were solely juvenile in ancestral species

how does "evo-devo" tie in with homeotic genes?

a subtle change in a species' development program can have profound effects, changing the rate, timing spatial pattern of development.

Homeotic genes

master control genes that regulate- when structures develop, how structures develop, and where structures develop

fossil record

the sequence in which fossils appear in rock strata, an archive of macroevolution

radiometric dating

the most common method for dating fossils, Its based on the decay of radioactive isotopes, helped establish the geologic time scale.

Carbon-14

a heavy radioactive isotope used for dating fossils.

Potassium-40

a radioactive isotope used for dating fossils.

Continental Drift

where continents drift about the earth's surface on plates of crust floating on a flexible layer called the mantle.

how did the Himalayas form?

by Continental Drift

Pangaea

was a supercontinent 250 million years ago

The Permian Mass Extinction

Occurred at about the time the merging continents formed Pangaea, Claimed about 96% of marine Species

The Cretaceous Extinction

occurred at the end of the Cretaceoud period about 65 milliong years ago. Dinosaurs except birds, rise of mammals

adaptive radiations

Evolutionary diversification of a generalized ancestral form with production of a number of adaptively specialized forms

phylogeny

the evoulationary history of a kind of organism

convergent evolution

involves superficially similar structures in unrelated organisms, Its based on natural selection

Carolus Linnaeous

Taxonomy

Carl Woese

Three domain System

Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain

Seven Girls Fought over Captain Planets Kraft DInner

What classification system do we use today? What is it based on? How many of those "Groups" are eukaryotes

Three Domain System, based on molecular studies and cladistics
Two domains of Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea)
oNe domain of Prokaryotes ( Eukarya)

Which element was probably not present in the early, primitive earth?

Oxygen

what energy sources were present in early earth?

Intense volcanic activity
lightning
UV radiation

what were the first organisms?

Prokaryotes

Biogenesis

all life today arises by the reproduction of preexisting life

Sponteneous generation

life regularly arises from nonliving matter

what is the 4 stage hypothesis for the origin of life?

the 1st organsims were products of chemical evoultion in four stages
Stage 1: Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Monomers
Stage 2: Abiotic Synthesis of Polymers
Stage 3: Formation of Pre-cells
Stage 4:: Origin of Self-Replicating Molecules

What were the first organisms composed of?

RNA

Abiotic synthesis

nonliving composition

What Similarities do protobionts and modern day cells share?

Structural organization
Simple reproduction
Simple Metabolism
Simple homeostasis

What Does like require?

Homeostasis and Self-Replication

Prokaryotes are very important to Eukaryotes. Why?

Prokaryotes lived alone on earth for 1.5 billion years. virtually all metabolic pathways evolved within prokaryotes. the eukaryote cell probably originated as a community of prokaryotes.

What are some major Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

prokaryotes are much more abundant and much smaller

what organelles are responsible for motility?

Cillia-Wave-like motion
Flagella- Whip-like motion

4 modes of prokaryote nutrition

Energy-- photosun, Chemo-chemical
Carbon-- Auto-makeself, Hetero--organic matter

pathogenic

bacteria and other organisms that cause diease

opportunistic pathogen

bacteria that wait for the immune system to go down and then they ATTACK!

three morphologies of bacteria

Cooci-round
Bacilli-oval
Spirochete-spiral

what is the major difference between bacterial and archaea cell walls?

by comparing diverse prokaryotes at the molecular level biologists have identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution: Bacteria, - Archea- more closely related to eukaryotes

Gram Positive

purple Thick peptidoglycan cell wall

Gram Negative

pink thinner peptidoglycan

pili

help with adhesion

Cilia

help with movement

flagella

movement whip like motion

how can prokaryotes withstand harsh conditions?

they form an endospore

endospore

a thick cell wall that helps protect prokaryotes

what type of bacteria carry out photosynthesis?

cyanobacteria

plasmids

circular, independently replicating DNA--> used in biotechnology

biofilms

colony, sticky, slimy, soap scum, plaque

what do we get from bacteria?

antibiotics

endotoxins

not cell secretions but instead chemical components of the outer membrane of certain bacteria

exotoxins

poisonous proteins secreted by bacterial cells

what causes Lyme disease?

bacteria carried by ticks

biological weapons

Anthrax
Botulism
Plague

bioremediation

the use of organisms to remove pollutants from
water
air and
soil

symbiosis

a close assocaition between organisms of 2 or more species

endosymbiont hypothesis

early eukaryotic cells lacking mitochondria and chloroplasts phagocytosed early aerobic prokaryotes and photosynthetic prokaryotes and rather than digesting them, formed a symbiotic relationship with them, offering them nutrients and shelter (therefore the 'endo-' part) and getting very efficient energy generating systems in return.

how do amoeba move

pseudopodia (false Foot)

protists

a "catch-all" group composed of organisms that regardless of how dissimilar and they don't fit into any other category.

About this deck

By: Stacy Moore
Textbook:

Biology: Concepts and Connections

Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections with MasteringBiology� (7th Edition)
Created: 2012-02-04
Size: 100 flashcards
Views: 148

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy