Test 1
Biology 131 11 with Merriman at Henry Ford Community College
About this deck
By: Sanders Kellyn
Created: 2011-01-18
Size: 220 flashcards
Views: 75
Created: 2011-01-18
Size: 220 flashcards
Views: 75
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What best describes the nature of a scientific hypothesis
a hypothesis must be testable through experimentation, observation, or mathematical demonstration
A theory, as used in scientific discourse, is:
a set of principles, supported by evidence, that explains some aspect of nature
Pasteur's experiments on spontaneous generation made correct use of a variable in that Pasteur:
held all conditions constant in each test except one
Biologists generally define life in terms of a group of characteristics possessed by living things. What is NOT a characteristic of living things?
all living things are composed of two or more cells
Evolution is a central, unifying theme in biology because:
the enormously diverse forms of life on Earth have all been shaped by it
Biology is defined as:
the study of life
life exists:
almost everywhere on earth
What is NOT a common characteristics of living things
they use other cells for reproduction
Living organisms are assigned into groups based upon their
similarities
The largest classification of living organisms is called the :
domain
in classification of living organisms, which are the names of the domains?
archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
humans depend on healthy ecosystems for our own survival
true
in the classification of living organisms, which of the following is the most inclusive level ?
kingdom
what is the proper terminology for the classification of modern humans?
homo sapiens
humans modify ecosystems to improve the ecosystem?
false
the process that biology and other scientific fields use to study a question is called:
scientific method
what are examples of theories in biology
cell, germ, evolution, and gene
a hypothesis is:
a tentative explanation of a natural event
A ______ is a conceptual scheme that join together well-supported and related hypotheses.
theory
when most investigators do controlled studies, what do you call the group that does not receive treatment?
control
what is usually the last step in the scientific method
draw a conclusion on the basis of the experiment
the ______ theory enables scientists to understand the history of life, the variety of living things, and the development of organisms
evolution
which theory states that life comes only from life?
biogenesis theory
which sequence correctly increases complexity in the level of biological organization?
atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs
a(n) _______ in the lowest level of biological organization to have the characteristics of life.
cell
live exists almost everywhere on earth, such as deep sea thermal vents where the temperature is 700O f
true
what is not a common characteristic of living things?
they are organized
they maintain their internal environment to within a certain defined range.
have the capacity to adapt
they acquire materials and energy
bacteria are single-celled organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus
false
the earth may be losing as many as 400 species per day due to human activities
true
the "big bang" that produced the universe is thought to have occurred
4.6 billion years ago
when the earth first solidified, what were conditions like?
the atmosphere was rich in gases released in volcanic eruptions, volcanic activity, lighting, and ultraviolet radiation were all much more intense than on today's earth
the earliest discovered fossils are of ____ dating back to _____ years
prokaryotes..... 3.5 billion
the findings of Pasteur and others have established that
life does not arise from nonliving matter today, but in the conditions of early Earth, such an event could have occurred.
Miller was the first to show _____
amino acids and other organic molecules could have been generated on a lifeless Earth
what was the probably role of oxygen gas in the early stages of life's appearance on Earth?
oxygen gas tends to disrupt molecules, so its absence promoted the formation and stability of complex organic molecules on the early Earth
Miller-Urey-type experiments have shown that ________
complex organic molecules can be produced by physical processes from inorganic components
__________ are membranes containing concentrated organic molecules and have some lifelike properties, but are not alive.
protobionts
a current leading hypothesis about the first system of inheritance in the earliest life forms involves__________
self- replicating RNA molecules aided by ribozymes
Which of the following options lists major events in the history of life on Earth in the proper order, from earliest to most recent?
first prokaryotes; photosynthesis; first eukaryotes; colonization or land by plants and fungi
The technique called radiometric dating is based on ___________
the steady, clocklike decay of certain radioactive isotopes over time.
Earth's continents and sea floors together form a thing outer layer of the planet called __________
crust
The Himalayas are an example of a mountain range formed as a result of _____
the collision of two continental plates
during the _____, over 96% of marine species and many terrestrial species became extinct, possibly because intense volcanic activity warmed Earth's climate.
Permian
Mass extinctions _______________
remove well-adapted species and groups from the Earth, so that it may take tens of millions of years for species diversity to recover
According to "evo-devo" thinking, an organism's body form can be substantially changed _____________
through mutations or changes in the expression of one or a few "master" control genes that regulate development.
How can a phylogenetic tree be used to make predictions?
Features shared between two groups are likely to have been present in their common ancestor.
__________ makes it possible to trace phylogenies among microbial groups for which there is no fossil record.
molecular systematics
Which of the following statements regarding genetics is false?
in keeping with our greater complexity, the human genome has about 100 times more genes than that of yeast.
a(n)__________has been used to estimate that HIV-1 M first spread to humans in the 1930s
molecular clock
In the three-domain system, the eukaryotes are represented ____________
only within the domain Eukarya.
Which of the following statements regarding matter is false?
- all life is composed of matter
- matter occupies space
- matter has mass
- matter is composed of elements
- matter can be created and destroyed
Which of the following trace elements is commonly added to table salt to prevent the formation of goiters?
Iodine
Which of the following statements best describes a compound?
a compound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio
In the equation 2 H2 + O2 + 2H20, _______
only H2O is a compound
Which of the following particles is found in the nucleus of an atom?
protons and neutrons
What is the atomic mass of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?
12
Which of the following is another term used for atomic mass?
dalton
The sodium atom contains 11 electrons, 11 protons, and 12 neutrons. What is the mass number of sodium
23
Which of the following best describes the atomic number of an atom
the number of protons in the atom
Typically, nitrogen atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. An isotope of nitrogen could _______
have more neutrons
A radioactive isotope is an isotope that _________
decays
If you found a fossilized dinosaur bone, what method could be used to determine the age of the fossil?
isotope analysis
Which of the following statements about radioactive isotopes is true?
the energy emitted by radioactive isotopes can break chemical bonds and cause molecular damage in cells
Radioactive isotopes ____________
can be used in conjunction with PET scans to diagnose diseases
What happens to an atom if the electrons in the outer shell are altered?
the properties of the atom will change
a ___________ forms when two atoms share electrons
covalent bond
A hydrogen atom has one electron. How many covalent bonds can hydrogen form?
one covalent bond
What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?
in a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other
Which of the following statements regarding the oxygen atom of a water molecule is true?
oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms
in a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a _______ bond
polar covalent
A water molecule (H-O-H) is held together by ________
two polar covalent bonds
The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom by _______ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by ________ bonds.
polar covalent.... hydrogen
__________ are weak bonds that are not strong enough to hold atoms together to form molecules but are strong enough to form bonds within and around large molecules
hydrogen bonds
Water molecules stick to other water molecules because _______
hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules
The tendency of water molecules to stick together is referred to as _____
cohesion
Which of the following is dependent on the ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules besides water?
the universality of water as a solvent
water's surface tension and heat capacity is accounted for by its_______
hydrogen bonds
as ice melts, _____
hydrogen bonds are broken
The temperature of evaporation is much high for water than for alcohol. Without knowing more about the chemistry of alcohol, which of the following is the most logical chemical explanation for this phenomenon?
fewer hydrogen bonds form between alcohol molecules. As a result, less heat is needed for alcohol molecules to break away from solution and enter the air.
Which of the following statements about water is false?
the hydrogen bonds in ice are less stable then the hydrogen bonds in liquid water.
You've made a hot drink by dissolving a teaspoon of instant coffee and a teaspoon of sugar in a cup of hot water. Which of the following statements is true?
you've just prepared an aqueous solution
A pharmaceutical company hires a chemist to analyze the purity of the water being used in its drug preparations. If the water is pure, the chemist would expect to find ____________
H2O molecules, H+ ions, and OH- ions
A solution with a pH of 7 is ____________
neutral
Compared to a solution of pH 3, a solution of pH 1 is _________
100 times more acidic
Which of the following statements about pH is true?
an increase in hydrogen ion concentration means a decrease in pH scale units
Household ammonia has a pH of 12; hosehold bleach has a pH of 13. Which of the following statements about them is true?
the ammonia has 10 times as many H+ ions as the bleach
A buffer ___________
donates H+ ions when conditions become too basic and accepts H+ ions when conditions become too acidic
Which of the following statements regarding chemical reactions is false?
some chemical reactions create electrons; others destroy them.
In the equation 2 H2+O2=2 H2O, the H2 molecules are _______ and the H2O molecules are __________
reactants......products
Photosynthesis requires many steps to make glucose. As a result of the synthesis process, _________
all the carbons from the six carbon dioxide atoms are found in glucose
Oranic compounds ______________
always contain carbon
Which of the following statements regarding carbon is false?
carbon has the capacity to form polar bonds with hydrogen
You now know that the old cliche "oil and water dont mix" is true. why?
water exhibits polarity and oil does not
Which of the following statements about hydrocarbons is false?
hydrocarbons are inorganic compounds
Propanol and isopropanol are isomers. This means that they have _________
the same molecular formula, but different chemical properties
a hydroxyl group is __________
characteristic of alcohols
Which of the following is a carboxyl group?
-COOH
Which of the following is an amino group?
- NH2
Which of the following statements about the functional groups of organic compounds is false?
all functional groups include a carbon atom of the organic compound's skeleton
Which of the following contains a carboxyl and an amino group?
amino acids
Which of the following statements about the monomers and polymers found in living organisms is false?
monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis
Which of the following statements about dehydration synthesis is true?
one monomer loses a hydrogen atom, and the other loses a hydroxyl group
Electrons are shared between atoms of the joined monomers
H2O is formed as the monomers are joined
Covalent bonds are formed between the monomers
The results of dehydration synthesis can be reversed by ________
hydrolysis
Which list below consists of only polymers?
proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides
What is the general function of enzymes within a cell?
to speed up chemical reactions
Sucrose is formed _______
from two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis
A disaccharide forms when ____
two monosaccharides join by dehydration synthesis
Which of the following lists contains only polysaccharides?
cellulose, starch, and glycogen
Cellulose differs from starch in that _______
most animals cannot break down cellulose, whereas starch is easily digested
Foods that are high in fiber are most likely derived from ________
plants
Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because _______
their intestinal tract contains cellulose-hydrolyzing microorganisms
The storage form of carbohydrates is _____ in animals and _______ in plants.
glycogen...... starch
Which of the following organisms contain the polysaccharide chitin?
crustaceans and insects
A diet high in animal products and hydrogenated vegetable margarine may increase the risk for atherosclerosis. This is because _________
most animal fats are saturated and many hydrogenated vegetable margarines contain high levels of trans fats
Because water and oil don't mix, water is not very effective at washing away oily dirt, The ability of soap to mix with both water and oily dirt to be washed away. Which statement provides the most logical chemical explanation for this phenomenon?
Soap molecules have charged regions and neutral regions. The charge regions are attracted to water molecules; the neutral regions are attracted to oils.
Fatty acids are _____
hydrophobic
Which of the following statements regarding triglyceride molecules is true?
triglycerides consist of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol.
Triglycerides are hydrophobic
Triglycerides play a role in energy storage.
Triglycerides are a type of fat
Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be _______
unsaturated
If you were to add olive oil to your food as part of a diet to lower your risk of atherosclerotic disease, you would use olive oil that _______
is liquid at room temperature
Which of the following statements about animal cell lipids is false?
many lipids function as enzymes
A phospholipid is composed of _________
one glycerol molecule linked to one phosphate group and two fatty acids
Which of the following substances is a lipid?
steroids
A major type of lipid found in cell membranes are ___________
phospholipids
Which of the following statements about anabolic steroids is false?
they promote bone growth
Which of the following statements about enzymes is false?
they are monomers used to build proteins
Which of the following would be correctly classified as a protein?
cellulose
Amino acids can be distinguished from one another by _____
the chemical properties of their R groups
Proteins differ from one another because __________
the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein
Glucose molecules are to starch as _______ are to proteins
amino acids
Peptide bonds ________
link amino acids
The primary structure of a protein is ______
the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain
Which of the following is an example of secondary structure in a protein?
an alpha helix
The tertiary structure of a polypeptide refers to _______
the overall three-dimensional structure
A protein containing more than one polypeptide chain exhibits the ________ level of protein structure.
quaternary
Which of the following statements regarding nucleotides is false?
nucleotides have a nitrogenous base backbone
Which of the following options correctly pairs a polymer and its monomer?
DNA, nucleotides
DNA differs from RNA because DNA __________
contains thymine in place of uracil
Genetic information is encoded in the ________
sequence of nucleotides in DNA
The development of atherosclerotic disease can result from a diet high in ________
Saturated fats
an oil may be converted into a substance that is solid at room temperature by ________
adding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules
Which of the following statements about cells is true?
all cells have internal structures that move
One centimeter = ________ millimeters
10
The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines ________
cell theory
The diameter of most animal and plant cells ranges from ___________
10 to 100 micrometers
As cell size increases, the __________
volume increases faster than the surface area
Archaea are composed of _______ cells
prokaryotic
Which of the following structures is exclusively associated with prokaryotic cells
nucleoid
The nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell ________
contains the cell's DNA
___________ cells lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus
prokaryotic
Which of the following structures are used by prokaryotes for attaching to surfaces?
both pili and capsules
The membranous compartmentalization of a cell _______
allows different metabolic processes to occur simultaneously
Which of the following statements about internal membranes in eukaryotic cells is false?
in eukaryotic cells, internal membranes standardize the internal environment of all cellular organelles
You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You conclude correctly that the cells ________
are plant cells
Unlike animal cells, plant cells have _______ and __________. Unlike plant cells, animal cells have_____________
Chloroplasts...........cell walls..............centrioles
Which of the following statements about cellular metabolism is false?
Cellular metabolism occurs in animal cells but not plant cells
Plasma membranes are permeable to ________
non-polar molecules such as CO2
The nucleus of a cell __________
contains DNA
Long fibers of DNA and protein are called ________
chromatin
The function of the nucleolus is __________
to manufacture ribosomal RNA
Protein synthesis requires the use of mRNA, which _________
is translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequence of proteins
The plasma cell produces thousands of antibodies per second. What type of intracellular structure would you expect to be very prominent within the cell?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
The endomembrane system includes all of the following organelles except the ___________
peroxisome
The two main functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are the production of ______________
membrane and proteins secreted by the cell
The cells that produce hair contain a lot of __________, while the cells that produce the oils that coat the hair contain a lot of _____________
rough endoplasmic reticulum..............smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The Golgi apparatus ___________
stores, modifies, and packages proteins
Which of the following statements regarding the Golgi apparatus is false?
the Golgi apparatus decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production
Which of the following statements about lysosomes is false?
lysosomes synthesize proteins from the recycled amino acids
When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. As a result of this, that cell will _________
undergo self-digestion and die
Which of the following statements about the functions of a plant cell central vacuole is false?
the central vacuole of a plant cell may digest chemicals for recycling
Insulin is a protein that is produced by pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. Which of the following options correctly lists the order of the structures through which insulin passes from its production to its exit from the cell?
rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, cell membrane
The function of mitochondria is _______
cellular respiration
Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function;as a result, the rate of __________
ATP synthesis decreases
The _________ of a mitochondrion is/are an adaptation that increases the surface area and enhances a mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP
cristae
The function of chloroplasts is ____________
photosynthesis
The stroma is the _______
thick fluid enclosed by the inner chloroplast membrane
Mitochondria differ from chloroplasts in that mitochondria ____________
contain membrane folds calles cristae, whereas chloroplasts contain disk-like vesicles in stacks called grana
The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that ________
a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells
The endosymbiosis hypothesis is supported by all of the following pieces of evidence, except the fact that ________
mitochondria synthesize glucose like prokaryotes
Microfilaments differ from microtubules in that microfilaments ___________
are mainly composed of actin, whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false?
once laid down, the elements of the cytoskeleton are fixed and remain permanently in place
Cilia differ from flagella in that ________
cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella
Most animal cells are ___________
embedded in a extracellular matrix
It is essential for heart muscle cells to beat in a coordinated fashion. The cell junctions that would best facilitate this are _________
communicating junctions
Which of the following statements regarding cells is false
all cells have a cell wall.
In general, which of the following is largely responsible for moving substances across the plasma membrane, communicating with other cells, and identifying the cell?
proteins
How are plasma membranes best described?
double layer of phospholipid molecules with hydrophobic tails oriented toward each other
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that leads to the production of very thick mucus in the respiratory tract, causing frequent and serious respiratory infections. What type of membrane protein is being affected in this case?
transport protein
In the process of diffusion ___________
molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
Carbon dioxide crosses the plasma membrane by simple diffusion. What determines the rate at which carbon dioxide enters the cell?
the concentration of carbon dioxide on each side of the membrane
When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are place on either side of a semipermeable membrane and osmosis is allowed to occur, which of the following will happen?
Water will move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
The activity of the sodium -potassium pump is critically important in maintaining proper ion concentrations across the cell membrane. A similar pump is the glucose pump. Given that, what can you conclude about the sodium-potassium pump?
the pumping mechanism requires energy
Which of the following types of transport does not require the use of a transport protein?
simple diffusion
The concentration of calcium in a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of calcium in the fluids surrounding the cell is 0.1%. How could the cell obtain more calcium?
active transport
Which of the following statements about the movement of charged ions through a membrane is correct?
movement of ions requires a protein passage through the membrane
Large food particles, or perhaps whole organisms, can be engulfed and pulled into the cell by the process of ________
phagocytosis
Coated pits required for which type of membrane transport?
pinocytosis
What is the primary factor that determines if endocytosis or exocytosis would be needed to move a substance across the cell membrane, as opposed to diffusion or osmosis
the size of the molecules being moved
Which of the following processes uses a difference in concentration to transport water molecules across the cell membrane?
osmosis
Which of the following pieces of evidence would suggest that a substance entered a cell via active transport as opposed to passive transport?
ATP was required for transport
Which of the following molecules or ions would normally need to use a membrane protein to move through the cell membrane?
Na+
You are comparing a 25% salt solution to a 5% salt solution. Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between these two solutions?
the 25% salt solution is said to be hypertonic compared to the 5% hypotonic solution
Exocytosis would move __________
waste materials out of the cell via a vesicle
In endocytosis, a transport vesicle is derived from the ________
plasma membrane
What would happen if you tossed a beaker full of phospholipids into a beaker of oil?
you would expect the fatty acid tails to point out toward the oil and the head groups to point in toward each other
On each side of a semipermeable membrane is a 5% sugar solution. Which of the following statements correctly describes the movement of material in this system?
movement of water is equal between the two sides
Why are ions unable to move freely through the membrane?
ions are charges, so they cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic core of the membrane
Which of the following items would more likely exist within the glycocalyx?
carbohydrates
Which of the following correctly matches a membrane component with its membrane function?
proteins and transport
The plasma membrane is considered a ______
fluid material
Which type of mechanism relies on the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane?
exocytosis
Which of the following statements about phagocytosis is true?
phagocytosis brings materials into the cell
Which type of transport could not occur if the cell was inhibited in the production of a particular protein?
facilitated diffusion
Which type of transport could not occur if the cell was inhibited in the production of ATP?
active transport
A flaccid plant cell could occur because _________
the extracellular environment has a higher salt concentration than does the interior of the cell
Steroid hormones move directly through the cell membrane. Why?
These molecules are non polar, so they can diffuse through the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane
If the protein required to move glucose into a cell is damaged, what would you expect to occur?
the cell would be unable to transport glucose into the cell.
The head groups of the phospholipids are found on the exterior and the cytoplasmic side of the membrane because ________
they are hydrophilic
About this deck
By: Sanders Kellyn
Created: 2011-01-18
Size: 220 flashcards
Views: 75
Created: 2011-01-18
Size: 220 flashcards
Views: 75
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy