Test 2 Terms

Cultural Anthropology 1023 with Copeland at University of Arkansas - Fayetteville

About this deck

By: Kori Ann Davis
Textbook:

Cengage Advantage Books: Cultural Anthropology: A Problem-Based Approach

Conformity and Conflict: Readings in Cultural Anthropology (13th Edition)
Created: 2011-03-14
Size: 58 flashcards
Views: 117

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Social Identities

views that people have their own and others positions in society. Individuals seek confirmation from others that they occupy the positions on the social landscape that they claim to occupy.

Egocentric View of the Self

a view of self that defines each person as a replica of all humanity, the locus of motivations and drives, capable of acting independently from others.

Sociocentric View of the Self

a view of the self that is context dependent; there is no intrinsic self that can possess enduring qualities.

Rites of Passage

a term suggested by Arnold Van Gemp for rituals that marks a person's passage from one identity or status to another.

Phallocentrism

a term coined by Peggy Sanday that refers to the deployment of the penis as a symbol of masculine social power and dominance.

Principle of Reciprocity

the social principle that giving a gift creates social ties with the person receiving it, who eventually is obligated to reciprocate

Social Stratification

origin of private property; others claim it was created to satisfy the organizational needs of war. Refers to a system by which categories of people in a society are ranked in a hierarchy.

Integrative Theory of Social Stratification

a theory based on the assumption that social hierarchy is necessary for the smooth functioning of modern society.

Exploitative Theory of Social Stratification

a theory based on the assumption that hierarchy exists because one group of individuals seeks to take advantage of another group for economic purposes.

Eugenics

applied science or the biosocial movement which advocated the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population.

Folk Classification/Folk

cultural classification systems for grouping people

Taxonomy

the practice and science of classification

Hypodescent

you inherit the lease prestigious race from your parents

Tipos

types of physical variation

Status

a culturally defined position associated with a particular social structure

Role

the culturally generated behavior associated with particular statuses

Social Networks

an assortment of people that are organized by culturally defined rules and categories

Inequality

a human relationship marked by differences in power, authority, prestige, and access to valued goods and services by the payment of deference

Social Stratification

the ranking of people or groups based on the unequal access to valued economic resources and prestige

Class

a system of stratification defined by unequal access to economic resources and prestige, but permitting individuals to alter their rank

Caste

a form of stratification defined by unequal access to economic resources and prestige, which is acquired at birth and does not permit individuals to alter their rank

Egalitarian Societies

societies that, with the exception of ranked differences between men and women and adults and children, provide all people an equal chance at economic resources and prestige; most hunter-gatherer societies

Rank Societies

societies stratified on the basis of prestige only

Stratified Societies

societies that are at least partly organized on the principle of social stratification

Non-cordonance

traits that are not linked

Race

no biological basis, traits that are not linked to one another, arbitrary

Gradual Variation

related to race, not distinct biological types

Extinction Theory

wanted to prove that blacks were dying out because they couldn't survive after they had been freed

Gender

refers to the meanings we assign to sexual organs from birth; not fixed, predictable or universal

Sex

male/female; genetic, hormonal, anatomical differences

Sexual Dichotomy

ovaries, uterus, etc.

Sexual Dimorphism

matter of degree

Intersex

the abnormal condition of being intermediate between male and female; hermaphroditism

Third Gender

gender identity and biological sex can conflict; refers to a gender category present in many indigenous societies of people who are considered neither completely male, nor completely female

Patriarchy

systematic unequal organization of gender; social life organized around males; males occupy positions of power and prestige; culturally produced and reinforced

Absolute Difference

physical differences

Proportional Differences

not absolute differences in size, appearances, strength and physical capacity (endurance)

Gendered Division of Labor

women's work vs. men's work; nearly universal association of women with child rearing, cooking, and cleaning; nearly universal association of men with hunting, fishing, herding animals

Feminism

advocacy for the rights of women

Kinship

complex system of culturally defined social relationships based on marriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity)

Descent

a rule of relationship that ties people together on the basis of a reputed common ancestry

Patrilineal

links relatives through males only, emphasizes a persons ties to their father

Matrilineal

links relatives through females only, emphasizes a persons ties to their mother

Bilateral

links a person to kin through both males and females, tracing kinship through both parents

Family

kin group consisting of at least on married couple sharing the same residence with their children

Polygamy

one person may be married to more than one person simultaneously

Polyandry

multiple husbands; women are allowed to have more than one husband

Polygyny

multiple wives; men are allowed to have more than one wife

Key Relationship

husband and wife

Incest Taboo

a legal rule that prohibits sexual intercourse of marriage between particular classes or kin

Matrilocal

a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents

Patrilocal

married couple resides with or near the husband's parents

Neolocal

when a newly married couple resides outside of their parent's homes

Norm

behavioral expectations, rules of conduct

Progress

the idea that human history is the story of a steady advance from a life dependent on the whims of nature to a life of control and domination over natural forces

Identity

our culturally defined "positions on the social landscape"

Collective Identity

refers to individuals sense of belonging to a group

Identification

a persons sense of identity with someone or something