test 2

The protein lined hole in the thylakoid membrane with a rounded ball at the end of the structure is what significant structure in photosynthesis?

ATP synthase

Photosystem 1 is made up of which of the following structures in the chloroplast (right and left refer to professor martins drawings in lecture)

right hand clump of chlorophyll, p700 and NADP

Which of the following is true for dark reactions?

*they are completely dependent on products created in lgiht reactions * they were named after Dianna P. Dark *they occur only at night or when the plant is not exposed to sunlight *they occur only when the plant is exposed to high amounts of green photons

They are completely dependent on products created in the light reactions

What are products made by the light reactions?

O2, NADPH, ATP

Dark Reactions occur in what structure within the chloroplast?

The stroma

The first enzyme to grab CO2 out of the air is called

Rubisco

Which two products are recycled from the dark reactions and returned back to the light reactions?

ADP and NADP

The energy of one molecule of sugar is about the same as how many molecules of ATP?

40

Which of the following is NOT true about ATP

* it is a very small molecule, it isnt very stable, it contains a significantly less abount of energy than sugar * it cannot be transported as easily as molecules of sugar

it is a very small molecule

The CO2 concentration was much higher in Budig 102 than outside because...

There are more people compacted into one space, and the CO2 levels will thus be higher since CO2 is released as a waste product of cellular respiration

What is the energy in sugar used for?

To create ATP

Which of the following is NOT a reason why cells need the energy provided by ATP?

*for membrane transporters, repairing parts of the cell, for making cell products, for simple diffusion of molecules in the cell.

for simple diffusion of molecules in the cell

What is cellular respiration?

The process by which ATP is made from the energy in sugar

How many pounds of ATP are used per day in the average human being?

500 lbs

The TCA cycle occurs in what structure within the cell?

The mitochondrial matrix

Which of the following is true about products formed during glycolysis?

*a large amount oNAD is formed into NADH, * a tiny amount of FAD is formed into FADH2, * a small amount of NAD is formed into NADH, * A large amount of ATP is formed.

A small amount of NAD is formed into NADH

During the TCA cycle, the two pyruvates synthesized during glycolysis give up their carbon molecules to make...

6 molecules of CO2

The TCA cycle is known as the

krebs cycle

What is the final electron acceptor for electrons within the ETS?

O2

The proper chemical formula for glucose is

C6H12O6

The low energy product formed from breaking down high energy glucose to make ATP is

CO2

What are monosaccharides?

Single sugar units such as glucose or galactose

Which of the following is NOT true about sunlight energy?

*light energy is directly proportional to wavelength, less than 5 percent is short wavelength, ultraviolet rays destroy chemical bonds, approx 50% of wavelengthes are medium wavelenghts or visible light

light energy is directly proportional to wavelength

How do humans obtain glucose?

through food consumption

What is the absorption spectrum for visible light?

400nm-700nm

Which wavelength is particularly good at exciting chlorophyll?

Red and Blue

Photosynthesis occurs in which organelle in plant cells?

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis is divided into two main parts - what is the second part?

converting CO2 into sugars

Which of the following is true about photosynthsis?

*it occurs only in plants that have access to a great deal of sunlight, it occurs only in plants, it is the process by which most organisms on earth obtain their energy, it can occur in some humans if they have no other nutritional access

it is the process by which most organisms on earth obtain their energy

What are thylakoids?

special membranes found within a chloroplast

Why was one yew leaf darker than the other demonstrated in the daily demo on 9/23

more chlorophyll is needed for the plant in the shade, giving it a darker green pigment

What happens when a red photon strikes a chlorophyll molecule?

the chlorophyll loses an electron to a higher orbital further away from the atomic nuclei

In the "Popeyes Red Stare" daily demo, why did the spinach pigment appear red?

the chlorophyll in thespinach produces red photons

What is the chlorophyll molecule that sends an electron to the special acceptor molecule NADP

P700

What is energy migration?

process in which excitation energy moves from one chlorophyll molecule to the other

Where does PQ grab a proton from in order to become PQH?

The stroma

What is stroma

hick fluid found between the thylakoid disks

What does OEC break water into?

H+, electrons, and O2

How does the lumen keep from obtaining a dangerously low pH

It is constantly releasing H_ through a protein in the membrane between the lumen and the stroma.

Which of the following is true about the bacteria that causes stomach ulcers
*it is completely resistant to hydrochloric acid * it is one of the most common types of archaebacteria found in human beings, it burrows in the mucus of the stomach which protects it from the low pH of the stomach, * they have a naturally high pH which protects them from the low pH of the stomach.

It burrows in the mucus of the stomach, which protects it from the low pH of the stomach

Why is calcium carbonate a significant ingredient in antacids?

it absorbs protons, which raises the pH of the acid

Which of the following is NOT true about the duodenum?
*it makes up the first two feet of the small intestine * it is attatched to the stomach * it creates a host of enzymes which perform a major role in the digestion of food particles * it catalyzes a geat deal of the breakdown or proteins and sugars.

it makes up the first two feet of the small intestine

Which of the following is the main function of the bile in digestion?
*it catalyzes chemical reactions taking place in the stomach, it assists in the process of breaking down fat molecules,it is stored in the duodenum where it is secreted onece it is needed in the digestive process * it raises the pH of stomach acid

it assists in the process of breaking down fat molecules

what organs main function is to store bile produced by the liver?

The gall bladder

What is the length of the average humans small intestine

20 feet

Why do herbivores have longer small intestines than carnivores or ombivores?

Cellulose cannot be digested by animals, so more time is needed for the digestion process

The bulk of the small intestine is broken down into two major sections known as the

jejunum and ileum

Which of the following is NOT a charachteristic of the small intestine which allows it to have such an incredible surface area
*it is able to increase and decrease in size when needed, it is made up of many small folds known as mucosae, it is coated with thousands f millions of small finger like projections known as microvilli.

it is able to increase and decrease in size when needed

If the surface area of the small intestine was spread into a sheet of tissue it could cover...

half of the floor level of Budig Hall

The microvilli on cells within the small intestine make up what part of the cell?

the cell membrane

if concentration or diffusion gradient is uphill

the transporter molecules need energy to move a molecule across a membrane

The massive enzyme release required to break down food molecules occurs in the

Duodenum

Where in large animals are most of the digestive enzymes released?

in the duodenum

How do plants and animals differ regarding the source energy and carbon in cells?

animals rely on absorbing high energy compounds from the environment, while plants rely on sunlight energy and CO2

Which of the following is not a major or minor role of the human stomach?
*enzymatic breakdown of fool molecules, non enzymatic - chemical breakdown of food particles, physical non chemical breakdown of food particles, bacterial breakdown of food prarticles

bacterial breakdown of food particles

What is the primary function of the bile (emulsifying) salts in human digestion?

chemical breakdown of lipids (fats)

What is the primary function of the pancreas in digestion in humans?

it produces digestive enzymes

Why is the duodenum so critical in digestion in humans?

the great majority of digestive enzymes are added to the food molecules here

Where is bile produced, and what important molecules does it contain for digestion in humans?

liver; emulsifying salts

The acid produced by the stomach has two major roles in digestion. What are they?

chemical digestion of the food and destruction of bacteria

What is the primary role of the secretions of the liver in digestion?

to digest and solubilize fats

Compare animals and plants regarding their acquisition of carbon to build their cells

plants get their carbon directly from the air, while animals get their carbon directly from other living organisms

Which of the following is NOT a primary role of the stomach in digestion?
*killing bacteria and other living orgnaisms in and on the food, physical breakdown of the food, chemical breakdown of the food, absorption of high energy molecules from the food

killing bacteria and other living organisms in and on the food

Where are the majority of digestive enzymes added to the food particles?

duodenum of the small intestine

What is the primary role of bile in digestion?

breaks apart large lipids (fats) into small lipids

What are the sources of most digestive enzymes in human digestion?

duodenum and pancreas

What is the role of bile in human digestion

to break up lipids so that they are small enough to be absorbed by cells in the small intestine

What is the main function of MOST digestive enzymes

to allow high energy molecules to break into smaller, lower-energy molecules

In which organ are emulsifying salts temporarily stored (and not active in their digestive role)?

gall bladder

Which of the following best depicts the role of the liver in digestion of food?

*destruction of red blood cells, releasing cholestorol to aid in digestion, breaking up fat into small particles which can be absorbed, assisting the gall bladder in its production of gall

breaking up fat into small particles which can be absorbed

An animal that eats primarily plants will have a ____ small intestine than one that eats primarily meat

longer

Microvilli are tiny folds with in the villi that are made from

Plasmalemma

How are small lipid (fa) molecules absorbed by the cells on the inside of the small intestine?

small lipid molecules easily pass through the membrane

What is the significance of the enormous surface area of the interior of the small intestine

ensures the absorption of high energy molecules

What depicts the correct sequence of the physical features of the small intestine from largest to smallest objects?

mucosa - villus - microvillus - membrane transporter

Compare the expected lengths of the small intestine, relative to the size of the animal, for a cow (eats only grass), a human (eats plants and animals), and a wolf (eats only animals)?

longest in cow, then human, then shortest in wolf

What is the primary role of the human duodenum in the digestion of protein and carbohydrate molecules?

chemical breakdown primarily due to enzymes

Which of the following is NOT a role of the stomach in humans?
*destruction of harmful bacteria on the food, chemical breakdown of food due to strong acid, chemical breakdownof food due to strong base, physical breakdown of food due to muscular action

chemical breakdown of food due to strong base

Transporter proteins in the microvilli are part of what cellular structure?

plasmalemma

Which of the following is an important role of the stomach?
*enzymatic breakdown of fats, enzymatic breakdown of sugars, absorption of molecules into the blood, storage of food

storage of food

If humans had evolved as strict vegetarians, our small intestines would be...

longer

If the small intestines of animals, particularly mammals, lacked villi and microvilli, which of the following would you expect regarding the small intestines?

they would be longer

What is the structural feature of the outer surface of the microvilli?

plasmalemma

Why do all but fat molecules require membrane transporters for absorption by the small intestine cells?

the plasmalemma repels most molecules except fats

How is the small intestine specially adapted for efficient absorption of high energy molecules?

It has a very high surface/volume (S/V) ratio

What is the location of the membrane transporters that bring small, non-lipid molecules into the cells of the small intestine?

plasmalemma of the microvilli

Membrane transporters do which of the following (assume that they have no additional energy source)?

*assist in moving sugar molecules across the membrane when there is less sugar outside the cell than inside the cell *assist in moving sugar molecules across the membrane when there is more sugar outside the cell than inside the cell *assist in moving lipid molecules across the membrane when there is less lipid ootside the cell than inside the cell * assist in moving lipid molecules across the membrane when there is less lipid outside the cell than inside the cell *assist in moving K+ across the membrane when there is less K+ outside the cell than inside the cell

assist in moving sugar molecules across the membrane when there is more sugar outside the cell than inside the cell

Although the stomach is an important organ, people can survive without one. Which of the following would you predict to be the greatest potential threat to people without a stomach even if they modified their diet?
*inadequate enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates * need to constantly eat *breakdown of food * intro of toxic bacteria to the intestines

introduction of toxic bacteria to the intestines

Which of the following best characterizes the role of most of the small intestine (excluding the duodenum)?
*most of the water re-absorption occurs here * most of the molecule absorption occurs here * most of the release of digestive enzymes occurs here * most of the bacterial activity occurs here

most of the molecule absorption occurs here

describe how the inside of the small intestine is highly adapted for the absorption of molecules?

the surface-to-volume ratio of the intestinal inner walls is extremely high

You are comparing two different animals. Both are a similar size, but one has a much longer small intestine than the other. Which of the following would be your best conclusion?
*the animal with the shorter small intestine is a herbivore * the animal with the shorter small intestine is a arnivore * the animal withthe shorter small intestine has chronic diarrhea * the animal with the shorter small intestine has fewer bacteria in it

the animal with the shorter small intestine is a carnivore

Chlorophyll absorbs...

red and blue light better than green light

Which of the following best charachterizes the energy of sunlight?

*half is very high enery, half is very low energy and a bit is intermediate * half is very high energy, half is intermediate, and a bit is very high energy * half is very low energy, half is intermediate, and a bit is very high energy * all of sunlight is very high energy

an electron goes to a higher energy level

WHich of the following energy levels of light do not excite chlorophyll?
green, red, blue, infared

infared

What is light?

photons made of pure energy

These organisms get their energy directly from the sun

autotrophs

A pigment is a molecule that utilizes light in several different ways (there are many different kinds of pigments out there) It gets excited:

when the molecule is hit by a photon, and its outermost electron moves to a higher orbital

Why is infared "light" ineffective in photosynthesis?

its energy level is too low to excite chlorophyll

ALthough we often differentiate plants and animals by indicating whether they are autotrophic or heterotrophic, what part of a plant is more ike an animal regarding auto or heterotrophy

the roots, because they are heterotrophic

Why do all but fat molcules require membrane transporters for absorption by the small intestine cells?

the plasmalemma repels most molecules except fats

Although plants in general are considered autotrophic, why might they be considered heterotrophic too?

their root cells could be considered heterotrophic

Why are leaves of plants green?

because chlorophyll is not "excited" by green photons to the same degree it is excited by blue and red photons

What is the most likely reason chlorophyll absorbs visible light but not infared or ultraviolet?

infared has too little energy for excitation of the chlorophyll, and ultraviolet has too much and is damaging

Why is a leaf green

because chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly

Why is infared radiation ("light") not used in photosynthesis by plants, nor in vision by animals?

because infared has so little energy that it cannot excite the electron in the pigments

Which of the following is NOT a mode of de-excitation of a pigment?

*release of heat * release of light and heat *release of a proton *exciation of a neighboring pigment

release of a proton

Which of the following best charachterizes the nutritional mode of the archaebacteria that inhabit the rock of the earths crust?

* they are heterotrophic * they are autotrophic *they are neither heterotrophic or autotrophic *they are photosynthetic

they are neither heterotrophic or autotrophic

What happens when infared "light" strikes a chlorophyll molecule?

nothing

IN the daily demo using chlorophyll, which of the following best depicts the nature of the flurosced light?
*it is near visible (f400-700 nm) *it is near the visible, but on the ultraviolet side (<400 nm) *it is near the visible, but on the infared side (>700 nm)
*it is ultraviolet

it is near the visible, but on the infared side (>700nm)

What is NADPH

A high energy molecule that results from the light reactions to help make sugar from CO2

Ultimately the source of energy for all living organisms on earth is sunlight, with very few exceptions. What are the two exceptions?

deep sea hydrothermal vent organisms and archaebaceria in the rock crust of the earth

Which of the following is NOT the direct result of electron movement in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast?
*production of NADPH *movement of protons across the membrane *production of sugar *release of oxygen from water

protons moving through the membrane

Which of the following does NOT contribute to a difference in proton concentration across the thylakoid membrane?
*breakup of water molecules, movement of electrons, formation of NADPH, ATP formation

ATP formation

Precisely where in a leaf cell do the ligh reactions of photosynthesis occur?

In the thylakoids of the chloroplast

What is the difference in pH in the lumen and the stroma of a chloroplast when in blue light

the pH of the lumen is more acidic than that of the stroma

Compare the H+:OH- ratio of the liquid immediately "above" the thylakoid membrane (the place where NADPH is formed) in plant cells in the light

there are more hydroxyls than protons

In white light, excited molecules of P680 give up electrons directly and immediately to which molecule in the chloroplast?

the Acceptor molecule

Can electron transfer in the thylakoidds occur in the dark?

no, because light energy is needed to excite the chlorophyll

Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?

in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

In a healthy leaf in the sunlight, precisely where in the cells are large amounts of ATP made (name all possible locations)?

in the chloroplast and in the mitochondria

What is special about the P680 and P700 chlorophyll molecules?

when excited, they lose an electron across the membrane

Which of the following after - effects of chlorophyll excitation are important in photosynthesis?

*one chlorophyll exciting its neighbor, and special chlorophylls losing an electron * one chlorophyll exciting its neighbor and special chlorophylls releasing heat *

null

An animal that eats primarily plants will have a ____ small intestine than one that eats primarily meat

Longer

Microvilli are tiny folds within the villi that are made up from

plasmalemma

How are small lipid (fat) molecules absorbed by the cells on the inside of the small intestine?

membrane transporters move the lipid molecules, lipid molecules are not absorbed by these cells, dead red blood cells assist in the absorption, small lipid molecules easily pass through the membrane

small lipid molecules easily pass through the membrane

What is the significance of the enormous surface area of the interior of the small intestine?

prevents the absorption of toxic molecules, ensures the absorption of high energy molecules, allows more efficient mechanical breakdown of food, allows more efficient acid breadkown of food

ensures the absorption of high-energy molecules

Which of the following depicts the correct sequence of the physical features of the small intestine from largest to smallest objects?

mucosa - villus - microvillus - membrane transporter
mucosa - villus - membrane transporter - microvillus
mucosa - microvillus - villus - membrane transporter
villus - mucosa - microvillus - membrane transporter

mucosa - villus - microvillus - membrane transporter

Compare the expected lengths of the small intestine, relative to the size of the animal, for a cow (eats only grass, a human (eats plants and animals) and a wolf (eats only animals)

longest in cow, then human, and shortest in wolf

What is the primary role of the human duodenum in the digestion of protein and carbohydrate molecules

chemical breakdown primarily due to strong acid
physical breakdown due to muscular action
chemical breakdown primarily due to emulsifying salts
chemical breakdown primarily due to enzymes

chemical breakdown primarily due to enzymes

Which of the following is NOT a role of the stomach in humans?

destruction of harmful bacteria on the food
chemical breakdown of food due to strong acid
chemical breakdown of food due to strong base
physical breakdown of food due to a strong base
physical breakdown of food due to muscular action

chemican breakdown of food due to strong base

Transporter proteins in the microvilli are part of what cellular structure?

cytoskelton, microbody, vacuole, plasmalemma

plasmalemma

Which of the following is an important role of the stomach?

enzymatic breakdown of fats
enzymatic breakdown of sugars
absorption of molecules into the blood
storage of food

storage of food

If humans had evolved as strict vegetarians, our small intestines would be...?
shorter, longer, the same length, infared

LONGER

If the small intestines of animals, particularly mammals lacked villi and microvilli which of the following would you expect regarding the small intestines?

they would be shorter
they would be longer
they would be the same length
they would be inverted

they would be longer

What is the structural feature of the outer surface of the microvilli?

cell wall
cytosal
plasmalemma
cytoskeleton

plasmalemma

why do all but fat molecules require membrane transporters for absorption by the small intestine cells

they are being absorbed against a concentration gradient
they are being absorbed down a concentration gradient
the plasmalemma repels most molecules except fats
fats are never absorbed by these cells

the plasmalemma repels most molecules except fats

How is the small intestine specially adapted for efficient absorption of high - energy molecules?

it has a very low S/V ratio
it has a very high SV ratio
the mucosae are very smooth
the villi allow the absorption of all molecules without going through cells

it has a very high SV ratio

What is the location of the membrane transporters that bring small, non lipid molecules into the cells of the small intestine?

vacuole of the cells of the villi
golgi apparatus of the cells of the villi
plasmalemma of the microvilli
nuclear membrane of the cells of the microvilli

plasmalemma of the microvilli

Membrane transporters do which of the following (assume that they have no additional energy source)?

assist in moving sugar molecules across the membrane when there is less sugar outside the cell than inside the cell
assist in moving sugar molecules accross the membrane when there is more sugar outside the cell than inside the cell
assist in moving lipid molecules across the membrane when there is less lipid outside the cell than inside the cell
assist in moving K+ across the membrane when there is less K+ outside the cell than inside the cell

assist in moving sugar molecules across the membrane when there is more sugar outside the cell than inside the cell

Although the stomach is an important organ, people can survive without one. Which of he following would you predict to be the greatest potential threat to people without a stomach, even if they modified their diet?

inadequate enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates
need to constantly eat
breakdown of food
introduction of toxic bacteria to the intestines

intro to toxic bacteria into the intestines

Which of the following best charachterizes the role of most of the small intestine (excluding the duodenum)?

most of the water re-absorption occurs here
most of the molecule absorption occurs here
most of the release of digestive enzymes occurs here
most of the bacterial activity occurs here

most of the molecule absorption occurs here

Which of the following best describes how the inside of the small intestine is highly adapted for the absorption of molecules

the surface to volume ratio of the intestinal inner walls is extremely high
the surface to volume ratio of the intestinal inner walls is extremely low
the intestinal inner walls are smooth, allowing rapid flow
the intestinal inner walls are covered with mucus catching the molecules

the surface to volume ratio of the intestinal inner walls is extremely high

You are comparing two different animals both are a similar size but one has a much longer small intestine than the other Which is the best conclusion?

the animal with the shorter small intestine is an herbivore
the animal with the shorter small intestine is a carnivore
the animal with the shorter small intestine has chronic diarreah
the animal with the shorter small intestine has fewer bacteria in it

the animal with the shorter small intestine is a carnivore

When does the addition of an uncoupler to a cell cause, at least temporarily, the production of heat?

the uncoupler undergoes a chemical reaction with the protons that releases heat
the uncoupler undergoes a chemical reaction with NADH that releases heat
the uncoupler allows protons to travel back across the membrane without going through the ATP synthase
the uncoupler allows electrons to travel across the membrane without moving protons

the uncoupler allows protons to travel back across the membrane without going through the ATP synthase

You can force the chloroplast to make ATP in the dark. TO do so, you must carefully inject acid (not to strong) int a very specific location in the chloroplast. What location is that?

the stroma
the chloroplast outer membranes
the chloroplast inner membranes (the thylakoids)
the lumen inside the thylakoids

the lumen inside the thylakoids

What happens in aerobic respiration when an uncoupler is added to the mitochondria

electron flow stops
ATP production stops
O2 uptake stops
TCA Cycle stops

ATP production stops

How does the uncoupler work?

It prevents electron flow in the ETS (electron transfer system)
It prevents ATP formation in the ETS
it directly and immediately inhibits glycolysis
it directly and immediately inhibits the TCA Cycle

it prevents ATP formation in the ETS

Why does uncoupling the mitochondria in certain types of fat benefit a hibernating bear?

it results in the generation of a large amount of ATP
it results in the generation of a large amount of heat
it results in the generation of a large amount of sugar

it results in the generation of a large amount of heat

Compare the exchange of CO2 and O2 in the chloroplast and the mitochondrian

CO2 goes in both, and O2 leaves both
chloroplast: CO2 in O2 out: mitochondrion O2 in CO2 out
chloroplast O2 in CO2 out; mitochondrian CO2 in O2 out
O2 goes in both and CO2 leaves both

chloroplast CO2 in O2 out/ mitochondrian O2 in CO2 out

Which of the following gives the best prediction of the CO2 concentration inside a healthy leaf that is activelly photosynthesizing inthe light?

higher than that of the air outside the leaf
lower than that of the air outside the leaf
the same as that of the air outside the leaf
there is no CO2 inside the leaf

lower than that of the air outside the leaf

When electrons are actively flowing through the electron transfer chain they ultimately originate from what molecule

water
NADPH
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b

water

The massive enzyme release required to break down food molecules occurs in the

DUODENUM

Where in large animals are most of the digestive enzymes released?

stomach
jejunum
ileum
duodenum

duodenum

How do plants and animals differ regarding the source of energy and carbon in cells?

animals and plants rely on absorbing high energy compounds from the environment
animals rely on absorbing high energy compounds from the environment while plants rely on sunligh energy and CO2
animals rely on absorbing high energy compounds from the environment, plants make ATP in the chloroplast and send that ATP to the cell.
animals and plants rely on sunlight and CO2

animals rely on absorbing high-energy compounds from the environment, while plants rely on sunlight energy and CO2

Which of the following is not a major or minor role of the human stomach?

enzymatic breakdown of food molecules
non enzymatic chemical breakdown of food particles
physical, non chemical breakdown of food particles
bacterial breakdown of food particles

bacterial breakdown of food particles

What is the primary function of bile (emulsifying) salts in human digestion?

enzymatic breakdown of lipids (fats)
chemical breakdown of lipids (fats)
chemical breakdown of proteins
enzymatic breakdown of dead red blood cells

chemical breakdown of lipids (fats)

What is the primary functio of the pancreas in digestion in humans?

it produces bile (emulsifying salts)
it produces cholesterol
it produces insulin
it produces digestive enzymes

it produces digestive enzymes

Why is the duodenum so critical in digestion in humans?

the great majority of digestive acid is added to the food molecules here
the great majority of the digestive enzymes are added to the food molecules here
most of the bacteria on the food are killed here
the greatest amount of physical (mechanical) breakdown of the food occurs

the great majority of digestive enymes are added to the food molecules here

Where is bile produced, and what important molecules does it contain for digestion in humans?

gall bladder, dead red blood cells
duodenum, emulsifying salts
liver, emulsifying salts
pancreas, enzymes

liver, emulsifying salts

The acid produced by the stomach has two major roles in digestion, what are they?

chemical digestion of the food and pH adjustment for the enzymes in the small intestine
chemical digestion of the food and pH adjustment for the bacteria in the large intestine
chemical digestion of the food and desruction of bacteria
enzymatic digestion of the food and provide best pH for bacterial growth

chemical digestion of the food and destruction of baceria

What is the primary role of the secretions of the liver in digestion?

to digest and solubilize fats
to remove dead red blood cells from the body
to remove cholestorol from the body
to digest most biological molecules

to digest and solubilize fats

Compare animals and plants regarding their acquisition of carbon to build their cells

plants get their carbon directly from the air, while animals get their carbon directly from other living organisms
plants get their carbon directly from other living organisms, while animals get their carbon directly from the air
both get their carbon directly from other living organisms
both get their carbon directly from the air

plants get their carbon directly from the air, while animals get their carbon directly from oter living organisms

Which of the following is NOT a primary role of the stomach in digestion?

killing bacteria and other living organisms in and on the food
physical breakdown of the food
chemical breakdown of the food
absorption of high energy molecules from the food

killing bacteria and other living organisms in and on the food

Where are the majority of digestive enzymes added o the food particles?

duodenum of the small intestine
duodenum of the large intestine
the stomach
the lower half of the small intestine

duodenum in the small intestine

What is the primary role of bile in digestion?

breaks apart large proteins into small proteins
breaks apart large sugars into small sugars
breaks apart large nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) into small molecules
breaks apart large lipids (fats) into small lipids

breaks apart large lipids (fats) into small lipids

What are the sources of most digestive enzymes in human digestion

stomach and pancreas
stomach and duodenum
duodenum and liver
duodenum and pancreas

duodenum and pancreas

What is the role of bile in human digestion?

to break up proteins so that they are small enought to be absorbed by cells in the small intestine
to break up carbohydrates so that they are small enough to be absorbed by cells in the small intestine
to break up lipids so that they are small enough to be absorbed by cells in the small intestine
to break up nucleic acids so that they are small enough to be absorbed by cells in the small intestine

to break up lipids so that that they are small enough to be absorbed by cells in the small intestine

What is the main function of most digestive enzymes?

to allow low energy molecules to gain more energy
to allow high energy molecules to break into smaller, lower energy molecules
to break lipid molecules into smaller lipid molecules
to attac and kill bacteria

to allow high energy molecules to break into smaller, low energy molecules

In which organ are emulsifying salts temporarily stored (and not active in their digestive role)?

stomach
duodenum
small intestine
gall bladder

gall bladder

Which of the following best depicts the role of the liver in digestion of food?

destruction of red blood cells
releasing cholestorol to aid in digestion
breaking up fat into small particles which can be absorbed
assisting the gall bladder in its production of gall

breaking up fat into small partiles which can be absorbed

Which of the following is not true of the TCA Cycle?

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
most of the initial energy is found in ATP
source of "waste" CO2
uses pyruvates as aninitial input

most of the initial energy is found in ATP

What is the precise origin of the bulk of oxygen in the earths atmosphere?

volcanoes
water molecules in the stroma of chloroplasts
CO2 molecules in the lumen of chloroplasts
water molecules in the lumen of chloroplasts

water molecules in the stroma of chloroplasts

Immediately after glycolysis, where is most of the energy that was originally in sugar?

a. in pyruvate in the vacuoles

b. in pyruvate in the cytosol

c. in NADH in the mitochondrial matrix

d. in ATP in the cytosol

in pyruvate in the cytosal

During what process and precisely where in a cell is CO₂ released during respiration?

a. from the TCA Cycle in the chloroplast stroma

b. from glycolysis in the cytosol

c. from the ETS in the mitochondrial inner membrane

d. from the TCA Cycle in the mitochondrial matrix

from the TCA Cycle in the motochondrial matrix

What is the role of NADH in respiration?

a. it is converted to NAD in the TCA Cycle

b. it donates electrons to the inner mitochondrial membrane

c. it receives electrons from the inner mitochondrial membrane

d. it interacts directly with the ATP synthase to make ATP

it donates electrons to the inner mitochondrial membrane

. Why does electron flow in the mitochondrial inner membrane create a high-energy state?

a. because the electrons are moving energetically uphill

b. because light drives the electron movement

c. because the electron flow creates an unequal distribution of protons across the membrane

d. because the electron flow creates an equal distribution of protons across the membrane

because the electron flow creates an unequal distribution of protons across the membrane

Why must we breathe oxygen in order to live?

a. because it provides electrons for electron flow in the inner mitochondrial membrane

b. because it provides protons that are unequally distributed across the inner mitochondrial membrane

c. because it is used in the TCA Cycle in the mitochondrial matrix

d. because it is the ultimate electron acceptor in the inner mitochondrial membrane

because it is the ultimate electron acceptor in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Which of the following best describes why cyanide is such a deadly poison?

a. it binds to pyruvate, preventing its utilization in the TCA Cycle

b. it binds to the ATP synthase, preventing protons from moving through it

c. it binds to the last electron carrier, preventing electrons from going to oxygen

d. it binds to the first electron carrier, preventing electrons from entering the membrane

it binds to the last electron carrier, preventing electrons from going to oxygen

. Where in a eukaryotic cell is sugar converted to pyruvate in cellular respiration?

a. mitochondrial matrix.

b. cytosol.

c. inner mitochondrial membrane.

d. thylakoids.

cytosal

Where in a eukaryotic cell is pyruvate converted to CO₂ in cellular respiration?

a. mitochondrial matrix.

b. cytosol.

c. inner mitochondrial membrane.

d. thylakoids.

mitochondrial matrix

The CO₂ you breathe out of your mouth is produced as a result of which specific process, assuming that respiration is occurring normally?

a. glycolysis.

b. TCA Cycle.

c. ETS.

d. dark reactions.

TCA cycle

In both photosynthesis and respiration, which of the following is directly responsible for ATP formation?

a. electron transfer in the membrane.

b. water splitting to produce oxygen.

c. oxygen uptake to make water.

d. proton movement through the membrane.

proton movement through the membrane

Without oxygen, we die. Exactly what is the cause of death when oxygen is not available?

a. many enyzmes in the cells need oxygen, so many reactions cease.

b. lack of ATP to run the cellular processes.

c. lack of sugar to supply energy to the cells.

d. lack of CO₂ for cellular activities.

lack of ATP to run the cellular processes

What is the direct and specific effect of cyanide on a cell?

a. it prevents NADH from donating electrons to the membrane.

b. it binds to ADP, preventing the formation of ATP.

c. it binds to the ATP synthase, preventing the formation of ATP.

d. it stops electron flow in cellular respiration.

it stops electron flow in cellular respiration

Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere originated from photosynthesis. Precisely where in a plant?s green cell did the oxygen originate?

a. outside the thylakoids in the chloroplasts.

b. inside the mitochondrial matrix.

c. inside the thylakoids in the chloroplasts.

d. outside the mitochondrial matrix.

inside the thylakoids in the chloroplasts

Where in a plant cell is sugar first produced from CO₂?

a. the chloroplast stroma.

b. the chloroplast matrix.

c. the thylakoid membranes.

d. the cytosol.

the chloroplast stroma

Where in the cell is pyruvate produced, and where is it utilized in subsequent reactions in aerobic respiration?

a. it is produced in the mitochondrial matrix and utilized in the cytosol.

b. it is produced and utilized in the mitochondrial matrix.

c. it is produced in the cytosol and utilized in the mitochondrial matrix.

d. it is produced and utilized in the cytosol.

it is produced in the cytosol and utilized in the mitochondrial matrix

Both photosynthesis and respiration have an electron transfer system. How do the two electron transfer systems differ in their immediate source of energy that cause the electrons to move across the membrane?

a. in photosynthesis the source of energy is sunlight, while in respiration the source of energy is ATP.

b. in photosynthesis the source of energy is ATP, while in respiration the source of energy is NADH.

c. in photosynthesis the source of energy is sunlight, while in respiration the source of energy is NADH.

d. in both photosynthesis and respiration, the source of energy is sugar.

in photosynthesis the source of energy is sunlight, while in respiration the source of energy is NADH

What is the immediate effect of cyanide in a cell, and what is the actual cause of death of the cell as a result?

a. the cyanide stops electron flow, which prevents further ATP production; lack of ATP kills the cell.

b. the cyanide inhibits the ATP synthase, preventing ATP production; lack of ATP kills the cell.

c. the cyanide binds to ADP, preventing the formation of ATP; lack of ATP kills the cell.

d. the cyanide stops electron flow, which prevents the formation of water; lack of water kills the cell.

the cyanide stops electron flow, which prevents further ATP oriduction; lack of ATP kills the cell

In the electron transfer systems of both photosynthesis and respiration, exactly what causes most of the ATP production?

a. electrons moving through the ATP synthase.

b. the direct interaction of O₂ and the ATP synthase.

c. the donation of electrons from NADH to the ATP synthase.

d. protons moving through the ATP synthase.

protons moving throught the ATP synthase

At the end of each of the three steps of respiration, in what compounds do we find most of the energy that originally was in sugar?

a. pyruvate, NADH, ATP.

b. pyruvate, CO₂, ATP.

c. NADH, CO₂, ATP.

d. pyruvate, NADH, H₂O.

pyruvate, NADH, ATP

Which of the following best describes the precise effect of cyanide on respiration?

a. cyanide blocks electron flow to oxygen in the electron transfer system.

b. cyanide immediately dissipates the proton gradient.

c. cyanide joins with ADP preventing ATP production.

d. cyanide joins with protons to stop ATP production

cyanide blocks electron flow to oxygen in the electron transfer system

Where does most of the electron transfer occur in the respiratory electron transfer system?

a. mitochondrial matrix.

b. mitochondrial outer membrane.

c. mitochondrial inner membrane.

d. nuclear inner membrane.

mitochondrial inner membrane

In normal, aerobic respiration, during what process is the bulk of NAD (not NADH) produced?

a. in the TCA Cycle

b. in glycolysis

c. in the electron transfer system (ETS)

d. NAD is never produced, only NADH

in the electron transfer system (ETS)

During cellular (aerobic) respiration, when is ATP produced?

a. only during glycolysis.

b. only during the TCA Cycle.

c. only during the electron transfer system.

d. during glycolysis, the TCA Cycle, and the electron transfer system.

during glycolysis, the TCA Cycle, and the electron transfer system

Why is O₂ required for cellular (aerobic) respiration?

a. to accept electrons in the electron transfer system.

b. to provide electrons to the electron transfer system.

c. to allow pyruvate to be made during the TCA Cycle.

d. to produce ethanol (and CO₂) or lactic acid.

to accept electrons in the electron transfer system

Where in the cell do we find the proton gradient important in producing high-energy compounds in aerobic respiration?

a. across the thylakoid membrane.

b. across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

c. across the membranes of the Golgi apparatus.

d. across the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum

across the inner mitochondrial membrane

What is an important consequence of the continual dissipation of the proton gradient in aerobic respiration?

a. the production of NADH.

b. the production of FADH₂.

c. the production of ATP.

d. the production of ADP.

the production of ATP

Compare the primary source of energy that drives electron movement in the membranes in photosynthesis and respiration.

a. light in respiration, and NADH in photosynthesis.

b. light in respiration, and NADPH in photosynthesis.

c. NADPH in respiration, and light in photosynthesis.

d. NADH in respiration, and light in photosynthesis

NADH in respiration, and light in photosynthesis

In what compound is the majority of sugar?s energy found at the end of glycolysis?

a. ATP.

b. NADH.

c. ATP and NADH.

d. pyruvate.

pyruvate

In what compound is the majority of sugar?s energy found at the end of the TCA Cycle?

a. ATP.

b. NADH.

c. FADH₂.

d. CO₂.

NADH

Why is it important for us to breathe in oxygen?

a. it supplies the ETS in respiration with electrons.

b. it supplies the ETS in respiration with protons.

c. it accepts electrons from the ETS in respiration.

d. it reacts with ADP and P to form ATP.

it accepts electrons from the ETS in respiration

When we exhale, from precisely where does the CO₂ originate?

a. cytosol.

b. mitochondrial matrix.

c. space between the two membranes in the mitochondria.

d. vacuole.

mitochondrial matrix

Why does carbon monoxide kill a person so quickly?

a. it destroys cell membranes.

b. the cells quickly run out of ATP.

c. the cells quickly run out of ADP.

d. the cells quickly run out of sugar

the cells quickly run out of ATP

Where in the cell is pyruvate produced, and where is it utilized in subsequent reactions in aerobic respiration?

a. it is produced in the mitochondrial matrix and utilized in the cytosol.

b. it is produced and utilized in the mitochondrial matrix.

c. it is produced in the cytosol and utilized in the mitochondrial matrix.

d. it is produced and utilized in the cytosol.

it is produced in the cytosol and utilized in the mitochondrial matrix

There is always more than one compound produced at the end of each of the three parts of respiration. For each part, which compound (considered collectively if more than one of the same compound is produced) stores the highest amount of energy?

a. glycolysis: ATP; TCA cycle: ATP; ETS: ATP.

b. glycolysis: NADH; TCA cycle: FADH₂; ETS: ATP.

c. glycolysis: pyruvate; TCA cycle: ATP; ETS: ATP.

d. glycolysis: glucose; TCA cycle: NADH; ETS: ATP.

e. glycolysis: pyruvate; TCA cycle: NADH; ETS: ATP.

glycolysis: pyruvate; TCA cycle : NADH; ETS: ATP

. If an organism like you experiences a lack of oxygen (hopefully only briefly), all of respiration will quickly shut down. If you could observe this shut-down in ultra-slow-motion, which process would stop first?

a. glycolysis.

b. the light reactions

c. the TCA cycle.

d. ETS.

e. the dark reactions.

ETS

The CO₂ exhaled by an animal ultimately originates from where?

a. the inner mitochondrial membranes of all the cells.

b. the mitochondrial matrix of all the cells.

c. the cytosol of all the cells.

d. the nuclei of all the cells.

the mitochondrial matrix of all the cells

. Precisely where in the cell do we find the respiratory electron transfer system (ETS) and the photosynthetic ETS?

a. respiratory ETS in mitochondrial matrix; photosynthetic ETS in chloroplast stroma.

b. respiratory ETS in mitochondrial outer membrane; photosynthetic ETS in chloroplast inner membrane.

c. respiratory ETS in mitochondrial inner membrane; photosynthetic ETS in chloroplast thylakoid membranes.

d. respiratory ETS in mitochondrial outer membrane; photosynthetic ETS in chloroplast outer membrane.

respiratory ETS in mitochondrial inner membrane; photosynthetic ETS in chloroplast thylakoid membranes

Which of the following best represents how both electron transfer systems make ATP?

a. electrons move through a membrane protein which makes ATP.

b. electrons are attached to ADP and P to make ATP.

c. protons are attached to ADP and P to make ATP.

d. protons move through a membrane protein which makes ATP.

protons move through a membrane protein which makes ATP

Why do electrons move in the mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes?

a. they are stimulated by light excitation energy in the mitochondria; they are donated by high-energy molecules in the chloroplast.

b. they are donated by high-energy molecules in the mitochondria; they are stimulated by light excitation energy in the chloroplast.

c. they flow energetically downhill without an input of energy in both organelles.

d. their movement is the result of a difference in proton concentrations across the membranes in both organelles.

they are donated by high energy molecules in the mitochondria; they are stimulated by light exciteation energy in the chloroplast

Which of the following best describes the direct and immediate effect of cyanide?

a. it prevents protons from getting through the membrane transporter.

b. it halts electron flow.

c. it destroys the membrane.

d. it prevents NADH from donating electrons to the ETS.

it halts electron flow

What is rubisco?

a type of chlorophyll
an enzyme that captures CO2
an enzyme that uses light energy
an enzyme that breaks down to sugar

an enzyme that captures CO2

What is the origin of energy for the production of high-energy sugar in the chloroplast?

a. Rubisco.

b. NADP.

c. ADP.

d. NADPH and ATP.

NADPH and ATP

. In the flashlight/chlorophyll Daily Demo in class, why was there no fluorescence from the leaf when I turned the flashlight on the leaf?

a. the chlorophylls did not get excited

b. the excitation energy was used in photosynthesis

c. the excitation energy released fluorescence in the infrared, which we cannot see

d. the excitation energy released fluorescence in the ultraviolet, which we cannot see

the excitation energy was used in photosynthesis

. What causes the chloroplast ATP synthase to make ATP?

a. electrons moving through it from the stroma to the lumen

b. protons moving through it from the stroma to the lumen

c. electrons moving through it from the lumen to the stroma

d. protons moving through it from the lumen to the stroma

protons moving through it from the lumen to the stroma

. What is Rubisco?

a. an enzyme in the mitochondria

b. an enzyme in the cytosol

c. an enzyme in the chloroplast stroma

d. a protein in the chloroplast lumen

en enzyme in the chloroplast stroma

Why is it impossible for the dark reactions to occur in the dark?

a. because there is no CO₂ in the atmosphere in the dark

b. because Rubisco is not present in the dark

c. because the light reactions cannot occur in the dark

d. because chlorophyll can only fluoresce in the dark

because the light reactions cannot occur in the dark

Why are the so-called dark reactions incapable of functioning in the dark in plant cells?

a. all plant cells go dormant in the dark.

b. there is an inadequate supply of ADP and NADP in the dark.

c. the enzyme Rubisco is not present in the dark.

d. there is an inadequate supply of ATP and NADPH in the dark.

there is an inadequate supply of ATP and NADPH in the dark

Which of the following depicts a similarity between Rubisco and ATP synthase?

both are enzymes both are carbohydrates
both are lipids both are part of a membrane

both are enzymes

. Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere originated from photosynthesis. Precisely where in a plant?s green cell did the oxygen originate?

a. outside the thylakoids in the chloroplasts.

b. inside the mitochondrial matrix.

c. inside the thylakoids in the chloroplasts.

d. outside the mitochondrial matrix.

inside the thylakoids in the chloroplasts

In the lecture Daily Demo, why did the chlorophyll solution emit a dull red light when excited by white light from the flashlight?

a. because excited chlorophyll molecules always give off a dull red light.

b. because the excited chlorophyll molecules have been removed from their membranes, and they cannot pass along their energy as they would when in a membrane.

c. because the excited chlorophyll molecules excite their neighbor molecules.

d. because the excited chlorophyll molecules release their high energy as heat.

because the excited chlorophyll molecules have been removed from their membranes, and they cannot pass alog their energy as they would when in a membrane

If you go out to yourr garden and shine a flashlinght on leaves of your basil plants, you will not see any flourescence. Why is this?

the chlorophylls do not get excited
the chlorophylls get excited and the special chlorophylls pass their electrons to NADP to make NADPH
the chlorophylls get excited, and the special chlorophylls pass their electrons to NADPH to make NADP
the chlorophylls get excited, and the special chlorophylls pass their electrons to ADP and P to make ATP

the chlorophylls get excited, and the special chlorophylls pass their electrons to ADP and P to make ATP

During the day, how does the pH of the inside of the chloroplast thylakoids compare with that outisde the membranes?

same
higher inside
lower inside
impossible to tell

same

Why did the chlorophyll isolated from spinach leaves flouresce so much, while flourescence is actually minimal in an intact leaf?

its much harder to get light into the inside of a leaf.
visible light lacks the energy required for flourescence in the intact leaf
the light energy in the intact leaf is used in electron transfer in the light reactions
the chlorophyll in the intact leaf is destroyed by light

the light energy in the intact leaf is used in electron transfer in the light reactions

The production of oxygen during the light reactions benefits photosynthesis in two ways. what are they?

electrons from water help make ADP, and protons from water help make NADP
electrons from water help make NADP and protons from water help make ADP
electrons from water help make ATP and protons from water help make NADPH
electrons from water help make NADPH and protons from water help make ATP

electrons from water help make NADPH, and protons from water help make ATP

Can electron transfer in the thylakoids occur in the dark?

no, because electrons are not available in the dark
no, because it is too cold at night
no, because light energy is needed to excite the chlorophyll.
no, because chlorophyll degrades at night.

no, because light energy is needed to excite the chlrophyll.

What is the role of Rubisco in the dark reactions?

to provide energy to make CO2 into sugar
to break down sugar to CO2
to capture energy from light
to allow CO2 capture from the air

to allow CO2 capture from the air

Which of the following best depicts the ultimate source and final destination of the electrons in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

the source is chorophyll, and the destination is oxygen
the source is water, and the destination is NADP
the source is water, and the destination is chlorophyll
the source is oxygen, and the destination is NADPH

the source is water, and the destination is NADP

Which of the following is required for ATP synthesis in the light reactions?

proton concentrations must be equal on both sides of the thylakoid
the pH of the lumen must be higher than that of the stroma
the pH of the lumen must be lower than that of the stoma
proton concentrations must be higher in the stroma relative to that in the lumen

the pH of the lumen must be lower than that of the stroma

Why is it impossible for the dark reactions of photosynthesis to occur in the dark?

there is no CO2 available
there is no Rubisco available
chlorophyll degrades at night
there is no source of ATP and NADPH

there is no source of ATP and NADPH

What is the role of Rubisco in photosynthesis

it causes electrons to move across the thylakoid membranes
it causes a proton gradient across the thylakoid membranes
it captures CO2 from the air
it acts as an ATP synthase

it captures CO2 fom the air

Which of the following best charachterizes the function of ATP synthase?

protons passing through it cause the low-energy compounds ADP and P to form ATP
protons passing through it cause the high energy compount ATP to form ADP and P
it adds protons to ADP and P to make ATP
is accepts electrons and thus makes ATP from ADP and P

protons passing through it cause the low energy compounds ADP and P to form ATP

When you shine a flashlight on a leaf at night, why doesn't it glow red?

the white light is not exciting the chlorophyll
the white light destroys the chlorophyll
the white light changes to infared inside the leaf
the white light energy is used in photosynthesis

the white light energy is used in photosynthesis.

Which of the following best describes how NADPH is formed in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

protons move through the ATP synthase to form NADPH
protons are added to ADP to form NADPH
protons are added to NADP
protons and electrons are added to NADP

protons and electrons are added to NADP

What supplies the energy for the formation of sugar from CO2

NADP and ATP
NADPH and ADP
NADP and ADP
NADPH and ATP

NADPH and ATP

What is rubisco?

an enzyme that makes CO2 from sugar
an enzyme that makes sugar from CO2
a protein that makes sugar in teh dark
a protein that makes APT and NADPH

an enzyme that makes sugar from CO2

One might say that the primary function of photosystem 1 in the light reactions of photosynthesis is to make NADPH, while photosystem 2 has two primariy functions, what are they?

make water and to deliver electrons to photosystem 1
to create oxygen and to deliver electrons to photosystem 1
to break apart water and to create oxygen
to move protons across the membrane and to deliveer electrons to photosystem 1
to move protons across the membrane and to deliver electrons to water

to move protons across the membrane and to deliver electrons to water

why is the term "dark readtions" innapropriate?

bc the process was discovered by Calvin, not dark
bc the process never occurs in the dark
bc the process sometimes occurs in the dark but not always
bc the process involves the collection of light energy

bc the process never occurs in the dark

From a cellular point of view, which of the following best sums up the goal of respiration?

to produce sugarto run the cell
to produce NADH to run the cell
to produce ADP to run the cell
to produce ATP to run the cell

to produce ATP to run the cell

What is the ultimate goal of respiration?

production of sugar
production of NADH
production of FADH2
production of ATP

production of ATP

How much ATP (in pounds) is needed by a human in a day?

5 lbs
50 lbs
500 lbs
5000 lbs

500 lbs

Which of teh following is not true of glycolysis?

occurs in the cytosol
uses sugar as an initial input
produces ATP
most of the initial energy is found in NADH

most of the initial energy is found in NADH

Precisely where in a plant cell is sugar made from CO2

chloroplast thylakoids
mitochondrial matrix
chloroplast lumen
chloroplast stroma

chloroplast stroma

which of the following has the least amount of energy available for a cell?

sugar
ATP
NADPH
CO2

CO2

Compare the amount of energy in sugar and in ATP

atp has about 5 times more energy than found in sugar
ATP has about 50 times more energy than found in sugar
sugar has about 5 times more energy than found in ATP
sugar has about 50 times more energy than found in ATP

sugar has about 50 times more energy than found in ATP

Where in a plant cell is sugar first produced from CO2

the chloroplast stroma
the chloroplast matrix
the thylakoid membranes
the cytosol

the chloroplast stroma

test 2

Biology 100 with Martin at University of Kansas

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