Test 2

1. tears, dismay, or anger when a familure person leaves.
2. around 9 mths, common at 1 yr

1. when the researcher places blush on the infants nose or forehead and places the infant in fron of a mirror to see if she notices the blush.
2. self recognition

1. Oral stage
1. first year
2. mouth is the primary source of gratification
2. Anal stage
1. 2nd yr
2. controlling bowel movements gives main pleasure

1. Oral- someone who eats, chews, drinks, bites, smokes, or talks alot
2. Anal-
1. Expolsive- toilet training was lax. Messy personality
2. Retention- toilet training too strict. Overlly neat and controlling

1. trust verses mistrust- infants learn if world can be trusted if basic needs(food) met
2. autonomy versus shame and doubt-toddlers want self rule over their own actions and bodies. failure to obtain it makes them feel ashamed

• cognitive schema- organizes perceptions of other people. (holds the w.m. assumptions)
• working models- set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences.

1. *Temperment often changes in early weeks but is increasingly stable by age 3

    * Extreme temperments at age 3 tend to carry over to adolescence and yound adulthood

    *Parenting practices are crucial, temperment can change or be changed.

1. 9 temperment traits broken into 4 categories
2. 4(when faced with scary object)
1. Easy (40%)- laugh
2. Difficult (10%)-cry
3. Slow to warm up (15%)-quiet
4. Hard to classify (35%)

1. Openness- imaginative, curious, welcoming new experiences
2. Conscientousness- organized, deliberate, conforming
3. Extroversion- outgoing, assertive, active
4. Agreeableness- kind, helpful, easygoing
5. Neuroticism- anxious, moody, self-critical

1. a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a cargiver and infant
2. do it within the first few months.

• an adult keeps her face unmoving and expressionless in face to face ineraction with the infant.
  
• babies are distressed by it.
• depressed moms show this more.

• secure- infant obtains comfort and confidence from the precence of his cargiver.

• ambivalent- infant becomes very upset at seperation from caregiver and both resists and seeks comfort at return
  
• preference for caregiver, but not comforted

• cant tell if they like or dislike the caregiver
  
• hug mom and then slap her
  
• correlated w abouse
  

• mothers are more likely to be comforting and caregiving like reading books
  
• fathers are more likely to engage in rough and toumble play providing fun

• attention to each infant
• encouragement of language and sensory motor development (songs, talk)
• attention to health and safety
• well trained and professional caregivers
• warm and responsive caregivers.

1. calcium
2. iron
3. zinc

1. fine- harder to master, smaller tasks, involves the brain
2. gross- larger tasks like walking

1. children insist on eating certain foods and doing things in a certain way. dont want foods to touch, etc
2. parents should tolerate it up to a certain age

1. speeds up signals between neurons.
2. Reason for faster thinking

1. Centration
2. Focus on appearance
3. Static reasoning
4. irreversability

1. Centration- child focuses on 1 idea and excludes others ( daddy is only a father and not a brother. )
   
2. egocentrism- child thinks about world from own perspective. (its her daddy, so its just a daddy. mountain ex)

• conservation- something remains the same (conserved) despite changes in appearance
• preoperational child would say milk in a tall narrow glass has more than milk in a fat short glass or that 5 pennies arranged in a long line are more than 5 pennies measured in two short lines.

• private speech- talk to self to develope new ideas, remember stuff
• young children do it to explain events or work through issues

• the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear. Not allways correct explinations.
  
• ex: Why is the sky blue? Bc tink painted it blue

1. a person's theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that people aren't thinking same thoughts as they are.
   
2. age 4
3. w/o t.o.m. a child who sees her mother sad is likely to give her mother her fav teddy to cheer her up

• the speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tenatively placing them in mental categories according to their percieved meaning.
  
• save a word for later, even if dont know what it means
• ex: hawwaiin- a lion

• application of gramar rules even when exceptions occur
• ex: says "mouses" instead of mice
• Ex: "dears" instead of dear

• repeated bruises
• play with violence
• slow physical growth
• no appitite
• physical complants
• reluctant to talk
• fear
• no close friendships
• absenses

1. ability to control when and how emotions are expressed.
1. due to connections between limbic systema (emotional) and preofrontal cotex (impulse control)
2. 
   

• self concept- persons understanding of who he or she is , incorporating self esteam, physcial appearance, personality, and various personal traits
  
• ex: im a girl and i am good at art but bad at basketball
• things they draw they best. and bad traits will fade

• lack of emotional regulation
  
• externalising
• internalising

1. involves expressing feelings through physical outbursts and breaking things
2. turning ones emotions inward- feel excessive guilt or worthlessness

1. solitary- plays alone. unaware of others
   
2. onlooker- watches other children play
3. parallel- children play with similar toys by eathother but not together
4. associative- interact and share things, but dont play together yet
5. cooperative- play together

1. Authoritarian Parenting-
   
2. Permissive Parenting
3. Authoritative parenting
4. Neglect/uninvolved parenting

• high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, little communication.
  
• red forman from that 70's show. "Why?" "Bc my house"
• RR- ridged ruller

• be unhappy and lack self- control, esp. in peer relationships
  
• suffer from inadequate emotional regulation
• be immature and lack friendships
• continue to live at home, still dependent in early adulthood

• parents set limits and enfource rules but are flexible and listen to their children
  
• TT-tender teacher
• children will be:
• successful, articulate, happy with themsleves and generous to others
• be well liked

1. empathy-the ability to understand the emotions and conerns of another person, especially when they differ from ones own... seen in early childhood and increases with age
2. antipathy- feelings of dislike or even hatred to another person

1. Types:
1. Instumental
2. Reactive
3. Relational
4. Bullying

• hurtful behavior intended to get something that the other person has and to keep it.
  
• ex: get toy

• an impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical.
  
• reaction if someone steps on ur foot or something

• Nonphyscial acts such as insults of social rejection aimed at harming the social connection between victim and other people

• He described it with the phallic stage of the psychoanalytic theory. During this stage boys are fasinated with the penis and want to kill their fathers and get with their mothers.
  
• Oedipus and Electra complex