test 2

1. a tendency toward erect posture

2. a flexible, generalized limb structure

3. hands and feet with a high degree of prehensility (grapsing ability)

a)retention of five digits on hands and feet

b)opposable thumb and a divergent & partially opposable big toe

c)nails instead of claws

d)tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the end of digits

1. lack of dietary specialization

2. omnivorous

3. a generalized dentition

-1. color vision- diurnal, nocturnal do not

2. depth perception: stereoscopic vision (ability to percieve objects in 3 dimensions)

a) eyes positioned toward the front of the face

b)visual information from each eye transmitted to visual centers in both hemispheres of the brain

c)visual information organized into 3-dimensional images by specialized structures in the brain itself.

3. rely heavily on vision and less on sense of smell

4. expansion and increased complexity of the brain

1. a more efficient means of fetal nourishment, longer periods of gestation, reduced numbers of offspring, delayed maturation, and longer life span

2. a greater depenance on flexible, learned behavior

3. the tendency to live in social groups and the permanent association of adult males with the group

4. the tendency toward diurnal activity patterns

-70 new world monkey species

-found in southern mexico, and central and southern america

-almost all arboreal, some never come to ground

-2 families: callitrichidae(marmosets & tamarins) cebidae(all others)

-most widely distributed of all living primatew besides humans

-found through out sub-saharan africa and southern asia

-one family: cercopithecidae--- ceropithecines(omnivores cheek pouches) & colobines(leaf eating monkeys)

pertaining to an adaptive strategy whereby individuals produce relatively few offspring, in whom they invest increased parental care. Although only a few infants are born, chances of survival are increased for each one because of parental investments in time and energy.

-ex) birds and canids (wolves coyotes dogs)

-basis: radioactive decay of short lived uranium isotopes

-limitations: can yield high-precision age estimates; main limitation is the potential range of datable materials

-comments: used to date limestone formations and actient ostrich eggshells

-basis: estimates of consistent modifications in evolving lineages of animals; perscence/absense of species

-limitations: requires very well documented sequences and somewhere must be correlated with chronometric results.

-comments: best estimates in east africa using pigs, monkeys, antelope, and rodents; has been important dating method in s africa

*DEF:a relative dating technique based on regular changes seen in evolving groups of animals as well as the presence or absence of species

-basis: principle of superpositioning of strata

-limitations: most rebust relative dating method

-comments: geological stratigraphy and archaeological stratigrapgy are created by different processes and must be interepted seperately

*DEF: study of the sequential layering of deposits

basis: regular radioactive decay of potassium isotope

-limitations: contamination can occur; usually requires corroboration from other independent methods

-comments: can be used only on sediments that have been superheated(uaully volcanic deposits)

basis: regular shifts in earths geomagnetic pole; evidence preserved in magnetically charged sediments

-limitations:requires precise excavation techniques; both major and minor reversals occur and can easily confuse interpretation

-comments:important corroboratory method in east and se africa

*DEF: dating method based on the earths shifting magnetic pole

-basis:orders artifacts from different sites or contexts into series based on presecence/absense or frequencies of shared attributes

-limitations:theres no way to know which end of a seriated sequence of artifcats is the oldest unless it is determined by stratigraphic o chronometric methods

-comments;gradually being replaced in archaeological research by a quantitative method called corresponance analysis, which acheives the same end

-most primitive traits

-a lot are nocturnal, depend on smell, scent marking territory, solitary, madagascar, most insect eaters

1)lemur

2)loris

1)arboreal/tree living

2)angiosperms/flowering plants

3)visual predation

are the closest thing living that resembles original primates

lemurs/lorises

-have opposable thumb, some have toe

-have nails rather than claws

-brachiation, trees

spider monkeys

-mostly arboreal

-small

-diet:fruit/flowers

-prehensile tail

-colorful

-found is mexico and south america

-nostrils point down

-widely distributed

-diet:insects/seeds

-smaller groups

-baboons

-no prehensile tail

-not as colorful

-more adaptive

humans/apes lack tail

-larger

-shorter trunk from neck-pelvis

-lonher maturation/gestation

-more adaptive

-greater infant dependency

-brachiation=swinging

-hands-hook like

-monogamous

-found in se asia

sexual dorphism

-found in south africa

-only eat leaves

-small family group

endagered

found in se asia

solitary

humans

habitual bipedal locomotion

most primates use

have few young

takes a long time

-food

-predators

-humans

2.1.2.3.

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars

callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins)

cebidae (all others)