test 2
Psychology 101 with Price at San Diego State University
About this deck
By: natalie gomez
Created: 2011-03-12
Size: 88 flashcards
Views: 32
Created: 2011-03-12
Size: 88 flashcards
Views: 32
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj
Sign up (free) to study this.
consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our enviornment
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language)
dual processing
the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on seperate conscious and unconscious tracks
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
change blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment
circadian rhythms
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24- hour cycle
Superchiasmatic nucleus
causes the brains pineal gland to decrease its production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin in the mornings or increase in the evening
REM sleep
a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also know as the paradoxical sleep stage because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.
alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness
hallucinations
sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus
during brief stage one sleep
delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
first in stage 3 and then increasingly in stage 4 lasts about 30 minutes, during which you would be hard to awaken
Sleep Theories and why its necessary
sleep protects
sleeps helps us recuperate
making memories
sleep feeds creative thinking
sleep may play a role in growth process
insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by uncomfortable sleep attacks
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakings
night terrors
characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified
dream
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind
manifest content
according to freud, the remembered story line of a dream
latent content
the underlying meaning of a dream
REM Rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
Why we dream
Wish fufillment-to satisfy our own wishes
information processing- to file away memories
Physiological Function-to develop and preserve neural pathway
Activation-Synthesis Theory- to make sense of neural static
Cognitive Development
psychoactive drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
addiction
compulsive drug craving and use despite adverse consequence
depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
barbiturates
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
opiates
opium and there derivatives, such as morphine and heroinin they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions (such as caffeine, nicotine)
amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeding up bodily functions and associated energy changes
methamphetamine
a powerful addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded up bodily functions and associated energy and mood changes, over time reduces dopamine levels
Ectasy
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer-term harm to the serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition
Hallucinogens
psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory output
LSD
a powerful hallucinogen drug; also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers mild hullucinogens.
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together
classical condition
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
learning
a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
behaviorism
the view that psychology, should be an objective science that, studies behavior without reference to mental processes
unconditional response
the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically triggers a response
Conditioned Response
the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
an originally irrelevant stimulus, that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
acquisition
the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
high-order conditioning
a new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus. All that is required is for it to become associated with a previously conditioned stimulus
extinction
the diminishing responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus, no longer signals an unconditioned stimulus.
generalization
the tendency, once a response has conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
discrimination
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and the other irrelevant stimuli
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
law of effect
behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
shaping
a procedure in which reinforcers such as food gradually guide an animals action toward desired behavior.
reinforcer
any event that strengthens a proceeding response
positive reinforcer
strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response
negative reinforcer
any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (something undesirable or unpleasurable)
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing through its association with a primary reinforcer
fixed ratio schedules
reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
variable-ratio schedules
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number or responses
fixed-interval schedules
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
punishment
an event that decreased the behavior that it follows
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
the desire to behave in certain ways to recieve external reward or avoid threatened punishment
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrival of information
encoding
the processing of information into memory system
storage
the retention of encoded information over time
retrival
the process of getting information out of memory storage
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
automatic processing
unconscious encoding if incidental information
space
visualizing
time
recreate sequence
frequency
effortlessly keep track of how many things happen
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Next-in-line-Effect
When you are so anxious about being next that you cannot remember what the person just before you in line says, but you can recall what other people around you say.
Spacing Effect
We retain information better when we rehearse over time.
Serial Position Effect
When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.
semantic encoding
the encoding of meaning
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivd imagery and organizational devices
beta waves
During strong mental engagement
Sleep Stage 1-2
During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity.
Sleep Stages 3-4
During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps).
Stage 5: REM Sleep
After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state.
About this deck
By: natalie gomez
Created: 2011-03-12
Size: 88 flashcards
Views: 32
Created: 2011-03-12
Size: 88 flashcards
Views: 32
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj