Test 2

Biology 1210 with Nelson/hawkins at University of Colorado Boulder

About this deck

By: Keith Ohler
Created: 2011-06-16
Size: 59 flashcards
Views: 12

About StudyBlue

STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school. Things like online flashcards with photos and audio. Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next. Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone. STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj

Sign up (free) to study this.

Where do cells fit within the biological hierarchy?

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What are the three components of cell theory?

Cells are the basic unit of an organism.

All organisms are made of cells.

All cells living today arose from pre-existing cells.

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

eukaryotes have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane prokaryotes do not.

prokaryotes have a nucleoid (DNA in a ring) they have no membrane bound organelles

What are the three domains of life and which are prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes=bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotes=eucarya

Nucleus=

Contains DNA

The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

The nuclear membrane is continuous with the ER

Endoplasmic reticulum=

The ER makes up more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

Golgi apparatus=

The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

Modifies products of the ER

Manufactures certain macromolecules

Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Ribosome=

Ribosomes are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein

Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations:

In the cytosol (free ribosomes)

On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

Lysosome=

A lysosome is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

also recycles organelles and performs phagocytosis engulfment

Vacuole=

Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis

Contractile vacuoles, found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

Central vacuoles, found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

usually plants

Mitochondria=

Cristae=folded inner membrane

intermembrane space

mitochondrial matrix

energy production

Chloroplast=

energy production

only found in plants

thylakoids stacked into granum

stroma=internal fluid

Cell wall=

only found in plants

allows for rigidity

Plasma Membrane=

The plasma membrane is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell.

Centrosome=

The centrosome is a “microtubule-organizing center”

Smooth ER=

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes (makes proteins that stay in cell)

Synthesizes lipids

Metabolizes carbohydrates

Detoxifies poison

Stores calcium

Rough ER=

Rough ER, with ribosomes studding its surface (proteins that go to surface or outside)

Secretes glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)
Distributes transport vesicles

Is a membrane factory for the cell

peroxisome=

Peroxisomes are specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane

Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water

Oxygen is used to break down different types of molecules

Important for the breakdown of fatty acids

Proteasomes

Cellular “recycling bins” that break down old and damaged proteins

cytoskeleton parts=

microtubules (thickest)

microfilaments (thinnest)

intermediate filaments (middle)

Cellular junctions=

Plasmodesmata are channels that perforate plant cell walls

Tight junctions membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

Gap junctions (communicating junctions)

Protein synthesis process=

DNA is transcribed to mRNA which is translated to RNA

ribosome translates RNA

then sends it through the ER and onto the golgi

the golgi packages it into vesicles

the vesicle delivers it to the surface of the cell via the cytoskeletal highway

Know the organization and composition of the plasma membrane

The fluid mosaic model states that a membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it

Understand the role of fatty acid saturation in membrane fluidity

Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid that those rich in saturated fatty acids

Know the role of cholesterol in membrane fluidity

At warm temperatures (such as 37°C), cholesterol restrains movement of phospholipids

At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing

Tonicity

Tonicity is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

isotonic (balance)

hypotonic (less tonic)

hypertonic (too tonic)

Know where the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of integral membrane proteins are located

They are hydrophilic on the ends and in the center passage

they are hydophobic in the outer middle region

Understand the functions of membrane transport proteins: carrier proteins and channel proteins

Transport proteins allow passage of hydrophilic substances

Channel proteins, have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel

Carrier proteins, bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane

Be able to distinguish between passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport

passive diffusion=just walking through

facilitated diffusion=going through a protein

active transport=using a protein to go through and needing ATP to do it

Understand the differences between pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

phago a cell engulfs a large particle in a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with a lysosome

pino tiny molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is “gulped” into vesicles

receptor-mediated endo, binding of ligands to receptors = vesicle formation

Know the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways

Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

Know how the laws of thermodynamics relate to chemical reactions

energy is neither creted nor destroyed

spontaneous reactions increase entropy of the universe nonspontaneous reactions require energy (ATP)

Understand the difference between endergonic and exergonic chemical reactions

An exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

An endergonic reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

Know the three types of work that ATP can power

Chemical

transport

mechanical

Understand the concept of activation energy and how enzymes modify activation energy

enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy necessary to cause a reaction

Know the different parts of enzymes and what these parts do

active site area where enzyme bonds to substrate

Understand how enzyme function is regulated

Ph and temp affect enzyme reactivity

competative and noncompetative inhibitors

feedback inhibition loop

cofactors

Diffusion=

Molecules want to diffuse down their concentration gradient

Osmosis=

osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane they want to move down the solute concentration gradient

Understand what is meant by cellular respiration, what its inputs are, and what it produces

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

Know what is happening in redox reactions, and how oxidation and reduction relate to the overall process of respiration

Oxidation=loose e

reduction=gain e

C6H12O6 (oxy) + 6 O2 (reduce) = 6 CO2 (oxy) + 6 H2O (reduce) + Energy (ATP + heat)

Know what NADH is and understand its function in cellular respiration

Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

Know the three steps involved in aerobic respiration, the location where they occur, and what is accomplished by each step

glycolysis=cytosol, makes pyruvate

citric acid cycle=matrix, makes NADH

oxidative phosphorylation=cristae, ATP and CO2

Know the inputs and outputs of glycolysis

inputs=glucose

outputs=NADH pyruvate ATP

Know the inputs and outputs of the CAC

inputs=acetyl CoA

outputs=NADH ATP

Know the input and outputs of oxidative phosphorylation

inputs=NADH FADH2

outputs=ATP

Know why electrons move through the ETC, and what such movement accomplishes

pulls H+ ions to a concentration gradient that then can power the attachment of Pi onto ADP

Know which step in respiration produces the most ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation

Understand the process of fermentation

Fermentation uses phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP

Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis

Know under what conditions a cell would use fermentation

If no O2 is present ie anaerobic

Understand how the amount of ATP available in a cell impacts the rate of respiration

If ATP concentration begins to drop, respiration speeds up; when there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down

Know the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis as a whole

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy = C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

Know the inputs and outputs of the light reactions of photosynthesis

inputs=light H2O

outputs=O2 ATP NADPH

Know the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis

inputs=NADPH CO2

outputs=glucose

Know the location of the light reactions and Calvin cycle in chloroplasts

light reactions inside the thylakoid granum

calvin cycle in the stroma

Understand the chloroplast electron transport chain, and where its electrons come from

e comes from the chlorophyll

Understand how the chloroplast electron transport chain creates a proton gradient, where this gradient is located, and what this gradient is used for

H+ gradient in the thylakoid space rather than in the intermembrane space as in mitochondria

Understand how C4 plants counteract photorespiration

C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells

Understand how CAM plants counteract photorespiration

CAM plants open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids

Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle

About this deck

By: Keith Ohler
Created: 2011-06-16
Size: 59 flashcards
Views: 12

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj