Test 3 review

1st triumvirate

Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar (unconstitutional alliance)
Pompey-millitary mind/ moneybags. Concerned with Senate ratifying arrangements from Eastern conquests (Bona Dea affair delayed these from being passed). Gets his actions approved via Caesar’s consulship. Stays in Rome and gains fame for domestic actions (fixes grain shortage caused by Clodius’ actions as tribunate).
Caesar is the smartest of the bunch but has the least power and Crassus is really the 3rd wheel

Spartacus

led the third slave revolt had an encampment at mount Vesuvius , told the slaves to return to their homelands of origin before rome could mount an attack on them. He led a siege north but then turned back south but never actually attacked rome. Driven back by crassus and killed at lucania

Crix

sparatacus’ coh the big plantation style farms that were often run by slave labor, the shift ot these away from the smaller farms was marks the need for increased grain and thus slave laborort in the slave rebellion, he said they should loot the cities and take back loot for what had been done to them. Leads campaign south and he gets killed.

Latidundia

the big plantation style farms that were often run by slave labor, the shift ot these away from the smaller farms was marks the need for increased grain and thus slave labor

Publicus Servus (public slaves)

these were gov owned slaves who were in charge of janitorial jobs such as keeping the tmeples clean and making sure roads were in good shape

Dominica potestas (masterly power)

Masters have absolute power over their slaves, but beating them to death isn’t a good idea since slaves are expensive. they are supposed to act more as father figures than as owners

Manumission

formal ceremony in which a slave is freed

Pileus (freedmen's cap)

the felt cap that the slaves that were freed had to wear as a sign that they were once slaves

LIbertus (freedman)

former slave required to wear the pilues and had to work for is fomrer master a set no. of days during each week they were given limited rights and could only rise so high on the cursus honorum

Julius Caesar

1. made the fist tirumvir
2. changed the calendar
3. became consul in 59 and from there took over till his assassination
4. had an affair with cleo
5. wanted to make rome more grand in appearance
6. said he came he saw he conquered

Julia

married to pompey to help Caesar avoid persecution for his crimes while consul, however doesnt work because she dies in child birth at age 19

Bibulus

Son in law of Cato the Elder- Delays vote on Caesar’s land distribution bill by seeing omens. People don’t like how he is trying to stop populist legislation, and throw excrement at him. Riots break out and Bibulus flees and Cato is expelled.
”The Important thing is that Bibulus is covered in poo. That’s the part not to forget.”-Professor Ebbeler.

Publius clodius

Cross-dressing star of the Bona Dea Affair (see below). Got off with bribes. Renounced patrician status to become tribune of the plebs. Enacted popular reforms: free grain, removes ban on collegia (clubs). His gangs beat up Pompey, who then hires Milo and Sestius to recruit gangs for himself. Clodius was killed in a gang fight with Milo’s men in Jan. 32 which sparked public outcry and loss of support for Pompey people who were against set fire to the senate house

Bona Dea Affair

Drama caused by Clodius attempting to court Caesar’s wife during a females-only festival. Delays Pompey from passing legislation to settle vets. Contributes to the want for a triumvirate so that things will actually get done.

milo and sestius

they were tribune's who was told to recruit gangs against clodius by Pompey he gave the final order to have clodius killed (milo)

Luca

the Triumvirs soon resolved to renew their pact. In April 56, Caesar took the lead at a meeting in Luca (northern Italy, far south as Caesar can go w/out letting go of troops)
-many senators attended
-arranged that Pompey and Crassus will be consuls
-arranged long term commands for themselves
Pompey stays in Rome and commands Spain with legates
Crassus gets Syria
Caesar gets an extended term in Gaul (and can’t be prosecuted)

Rubicon

Rubicon River is Italy’s northern boundary. When Caesar crosses it in Jan. of 49 he declares war on Rome and a Civil war begins. He was protecting his political future, and says “Alea iacta est” (the die has been cast) like a boss.

Alea iacta est

the die has been cast

battle of pharsalus

Pompey fights set battle despite his concerns because his optimates were impatient, Caesar defeats Pompey in Greece. Caesar offers mercy to Pompey and his supporters, including Cicero who then returns to Rome. Pompey goes to egypt and his sons go to north africa. pompey dies in egypt. (Caesar follows in pursuit and gets involved with Cleopatra and Egyptian affiars).

Cleopatra

“hooks up” with Caesar. He establishes her as the ruler of Egypt. She also has a son with him (Ptolemy Caesar) KNOW THE HORACE POEM! Some time after Caesars death she “hooks up” with Marc Anthony, they have three children together Octavian uses her relationship with Antony to turn the public against him and then goes to war with Cleopatra, not Antony, so that it is not percieved as a civil war.

Ptolemy Caesar (Caesarion)

Cleo’s son by Caesar. He is later assassinated by Octavian in order to remove him as a potential threat.

Battle at Zela

where Caesar fought king Pharnaces (this is where he says i came i saw i conquered

Battle of Munda

Caesars toughest battle fought in spain against popmey's sons he routed them and only Sextus pompeys younger son survived

Brutus

had been on Pompey’s side earlier and Caesar had pardoned him. Descendant of the Brutus who expelled Tarquinius Superbus. He helped lead the Senate in Stabbing Caesar

Cassius

a Roman Senator who led the plot to kill Julius Caesar; brother in law of Brutus

Cicero

Orator who made really mean speeches against Antony (see Philipics below). Helped Octavian rise to power by giving him troops to defend Mutina against Anotony. Later is proscribed by Antony and has his hands and head chopped off as an example to those who might try to speak against him. He wrote lots of letters about how amazing he was.

Phillipics

speeches against Antony by cicero

Octavian

grand nephew of Caesar and heir to the rule; only 18 when introduced and not taken seriously.

Agrippa

Octavian's right hand man tries to give him some heirs but they die at a young age

Siege of Mutina

Both consuls were killed(Which ones?) . Lepidus renounced his loyalties to the senate.

Lepidus

part of the Second Triumvirate both least known member. Joins forces with Antony at Mutina. Controls the Roman army

2nd triumvirate

Antony, Lepidus and Octavian.

It was to last 5 years and was legally recognized.

Could make laws without the senate or people

Right to nominate magistrates

battle of phillipi

Octavian and Antony vs. Brutus and Cassius at Macedonia. Thanks to Antony they win and Brutus and Cassius commit suicide (end of the Roman Republic).`

catiline

known for 2 conspiracies to overthrow the government that were discovered and thwarted by Cicero. His army was killed with frontal wounds, showing courage.

Tabulae novae

clean slate
forgiving of all debts. proposed by Cataline during his run for consul in 63 BC

Allobroges

Cato thTribe in Gaul that worked as “double agents” in the unveiling of the Cataline Conspiracy to the senate by Cicero.

cato the younger

gave the speech to kill catiline's people that were captured done by Cicero

Esse Quam Videri

to be rather than to seem
First stated by Cicero. Sallust uses it to describe Cato. (Also the state motto of North Carolina)

Pact of brundisium

a reconciliation after Octavian takes Antony’s province of Gaul. Sealed by marriage of Antony to Octavia. she has two children by him this is also when Octavian had to marry Scribonia had his only child by her, this is where Lepidus become irrlevant given africa

Sextus Pompey

son of Pompey the Great who survived at Munda and is eventually taken out by Octavian

Donations of Alexandria

as part of triumph victory over Armenians, Antony distributed Eastern land including Roman provinces to Cleopatra, Ptolemy Caesar, and his and Cleopatra’s three children it was a huge mistake on his part (34 BC)

Battle of actium

skirmishing; no clear resolution. Antony and Cleopatra escape separately to Alexandria while their fleets and soldiers surrender to Octavian

1st constitutional settlement

2ndOctavian becomes Augustus and remains consul and a governor but hands back all authority to Senate. Becomes the Princeps

2nd constitutional settlement

better defines Augustus’ role. resigns consulship but accepts maius imperium (greater power, which made him superior to all other officials) and tribunicia potestas (power of a tribune)

Res Gesta

"Accomplishments"
Publishment of all Augustus’ actions after his rise to power. Meant to appeal to the masses and create a lasting positive memory of Augustus.

Vocab words

1. Auctoritas - authority
2. lustitia - justice
3. religio - reverence fro religion
4. Imperium - power or empire, cicero persuades senate to give Oct imperium (military command)
5. Princeps - leading citizen
6. Imperator - general or emperor
7. Mais imperium - greater power
8. Pontifex Maximus - the role of high preist given to Augustus

Vergil

roman writter, wrote the anneid and 4th ecoluge predicts the birth of a child that ushers in a golden age

Pax and pietas

1. peae
2. duty obligation devotion

Ara Pacis

“altar of augustan peace” an altar of peace envisioned as a Roman goddess. portrayed peace and fertile prosperity of Augustus’ rule.

Theater of marcellus

ancient open-air theatre built in the closing years of the republic. space for the theatre was cleared by Caesar but he was killed before it was finished. Formally inaugurated by augustus in 12BC.

tempel of apollo

temple on the Palatine Hill in Rome which was first dedicated by augustus to his patron god, apollo.

Solarium of Augustus

argest sundial in ancient rome. made it possible to read the time of day according toi the season of the year. dedicated to the sun in 10 BC, shortly after Caesar’s calendar reform. it was the first solar dedication in rome. integrated with the ara pacis.

Mausoleum of Augustus

large tomb built by Augustus on the campus martius in rome. one of the first projects initiated by him following his victory at the battle of actium
showed he was trying to start a dynasty

Temple of mars ultor

octavian vowed to build a temple to mars during the battle at philippi, then did so later in the forum built after he became augustus.

Prima porta Augustus

high marble statue of augustus. depicts cupid tugging at his toga, which represents augustus’ belief that he and his family were descendants of venus.

When, roughly, did slavery first appear in Roman civilization? At what point in the Republic did the number of slaves dramatically increase? How did slavery contribute to the Roman economy?

Existed from the earliest days of monarchy, it was mentioned in the 12 Tables 450 BC.
Increased dramatically in 3rd and 2nd centuries, after Romes victories in foreign wars, especially the 2nd Punic war -- to fuel Roman expansionism.
they helped build houses and temples and buildings and it abled them to have some money and jobs thus helping the economy. they also planted crops, were nurses, writers, philosophers.

From where did Rome get slaves? Who brought them to Rome? How were they acquired?

Captives from foreign wars; Celts, German, Thracians, Carthaginians, Asia Minor etc.
Slave dealers would follow armies and purchase able-bodied slaves from generals. They then transported them by land or sea to Rome or other provinces where they were bought and sold at open slave markets which were overseen by quaestors.

What kinds of jobs skills did slaves have? What was the typical slave experience? What sort of power did a master have over a slave? Why might he restrain himself from killing (or severely maiming) a slave?

Cultivated land and ran households.
Educated/ literate slaves could be accountants, scribes, teachers, doctors, or nurses. Household slaves cooked, worked in the kitchen, cleaned, and did laundry.

-Experience varied based on the field/ domestic master. (ie: Cicero treated his letter dictator very well, whereas Polio fed his slaves to the fishes when displeased)
-Masters had absolute power over slaves, but it was not a good idea to damage such a huge investment by beating it to death

Could a slave be freed? In what way did they retain their slave status? What restrictions did they have on their legal rights? What happened when a slave ran away?

- yes, it could be purchased or by being touched on the head with a rod or proclaimed free (manumission). Also if a master proclaimed the slave free in front of witnesses instead of a official that would work too
-they would be hunted down and forced to wear metal collars or possibly branded on the head with the letter F

How did Cicero die?

Marc Antony proscribes him along with everyone else who was killed so that the Second Triumvirs could pay and settle their troops. Octavian had Cicero largely to thank for his rise in power, but did not come to his defense. Head and hands chopped off and put on public display in Rome as a sign to those that would speak out against the regime.

How did Octavian get put in charge of the legions that freed Mutina from Antony’s siege?

Well, Cicero thought he could control Octavian and so he convinced the senate to give Octavian imperium and the legions necessary to free Mutina. So. just like that.

From where did Spartacus and Crixus escape? What was their plan? Outcome of initial clashes with Roman forces? What happened to Crixus?

They escaped from a gladitorial training school at Capua
their plan was to free themselves of slavery
they had initial success. Spartacus moved north and won a battle then moved south for unknown reasons and was eventually killed. Spartacus encouraged his soldiers to go back to their homelands where as Crixtus and his troops went to the south and looted and were killed.

Why did Spartacus return to Italy? How was the rebellion eventually suppressed? By whom? How did Spartacus and his men die? What role did Pompey play in the repression of the slave revolt?

-Not really known why he returned south to italy because he was eventually seized in thurii in south italy.
-crassus raised 6 legions with along with four given to him. Crassus had money and was able to so senate asked him. He killed basically all except 5,000 escaped.
-they were killed after going south by roman forces controlled by crassus
-pompey ended up getting the credit because he killed the last 5,000. Senate asked him to intervene because they were getting nervous.

. How did the senate’s treatment of Pompey (and Caesar) lead to the formation of the 1st Triumvirate? Who were the members of the First Triumvirate? Who declined to join? Why did they create this alliance? How did the Optimates (e.g. Cicero) feel about the Triumvirate?

Pompey tried to have his arrangements in the East ratified and attempted to gain land to settle his veterans in, but Lucullus, Cato, and other Optimates made it very difficult for him to do so. Caesar wanted to be consul
Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus were the members of the 1st Triumvarite. Cicero declined to join. Optimates resented the Triumvirate for its violence and disregard for Roman law.

What was Caesar’s attitude towards the senate at the start of his consulship? What happened to change this? How did he circumvent the senate in his efforts to pass land reform? How did this episode increase his power and influence?

Caesar initially tried to cooperate with the senators; however, they kept blocking his land reform. Therefore, he took it directly to the people on an assigned day for the vote. Bibulus, his co-consul and opposed to this land reform, It increased his power and influence because it increased his popular support, and he also realized that he did not need the Senate to get things done -- he just took everything to the people first, ignoring the senate completely.

What controversial legislation did Caesar pass during his consulship?

He refunded to the tax-collecting syndicate one third of its bid
Formally ratified Pompey’s arrangements in the East
Passed a measure to regulate the conduct of governors in provinces, including hearing governors who had charges brought against them and severely punishing those that were found guilty.
Allowed Publius Clodius to change status from patrician to plebian, making him eligible for tribune of the plebs

What command was Caesar given after his consulship? For how long? Why this time period? How did the senate feel about this unusually lengthy command?

Ceasar was given command in Cisalpine Gaul, Transalpine Gaul, and Illyricum,
five years, with four legions.
The long term gave Caesar extended exemption from the charges that would surely be brought against him after his consulship were to finish.

Senate felt nervous, thought that Caesar was getting too powerful

11. What did Caesar do while in this command? How successful was he? How did he treat the conquered peoples?

There are estimates that up to one million Gauls were killed and another million enslaved.
He forestalled the Helvetti, a Celtic people settled on the Swiss Plateau.
Also broke the Germanic Suebi who were causing problems in Gaul.
Supressed the Eburones and Belgae in northern Gaul in 53.

What did Clodius do to become eligible to be elected tribune of the plebs? How did he win popularity after his election? Why was Pompey afraid of him? How did Clodius finally die? Response of the populace? What did the senate do?

-He had his status changed from patricain to plebeian by Caesar
- he made several popular reforms; making the grain ration free, removed ban on collgeia
- Pompey was afraid of him because clodius used his gangs to beat him up
- He was ordered to be killed by milo after his caputre at Bovillae
- The public set fire to the senate house, the senate issued SCU made pompey in charge

Be familiar with the evolution of the relationship between Caesar and Pompey, from allies to rivals to adversaries.

Pompey started out being more powerful and having the upper hand when the 1st triumvirate was formed. yet, gradually caesar became the more popular leader while pompey sided with the optimates. marriage to julia strengthned their alliance but it was more or less finally broken when julia died.

Why did Caesar, Pompey and Crassus meet at Luca? Who else was in attendance? Why was it held at Luca? What was negotiated at Luca? What did Pompey do after Luca?

- they meet to renegotiate a second term as thier triumvirate
- alot of the consuls showed up actually most of them
- held there because that was as far as Caesar could go and retain his command
- that pompey and crassus would become consul and give extended commands for themselves as well as Caesar
- double crossed Caesar making it where people had to take breaks between positions thus can be prosecuted

What happened during Crassus’ campaign against the Parthians?

When he set off from Syria in 53, his troops were soon trapped near Carrhae by Parthians. 30,000 men, including Crassus, died. Legionary standards also gone.

What events led to Caesar’s crossing of the Rubicon? What was the significance of this action? What role did Pompey play in Caesar’s decision? Who had the loyalty of the senate? Of the tribunes of the plebs?

- pompey passed laws making it easier to prosecute officials such as Caesar
- this action forced Caesars hand and into action
- this was an act of war on Rome
- He left Caesar little options
- Pompey had support of Senate, Caesar had support of Tribune of plebs

How did Caesar conduct his march through Italy? Response of Italians? Where was Pompey? What was Pompey’s plan for confronting Caesar?

He quickly moved through Italy finding barely any resistance from Italians. Any army that he defeated was spared. Caesar didn’t execute anyone or take any money from conquered peoples, quickly dispelling fears that he would be a second Sulla.
- pompey fled to campania and then to brundisium
- pompey would rally forces even barbs and take control of the sea, starve italy, then invade

How did Caesar justify the civil war? Who supported him? How did the senate view him? How did the majority of senators act during the civil war?

He justified the civil war by saying that the senators had abused the constitution by needlessly resorting to an SCU and rejecting the rights of tribunes. He also wanted to protect his dignitas, saying that the senators could not dictate his future in a way that was sure to ruin him. Allies of Caesar were disreputable, young, poor for Caesar. His supporters mainly wanted a revolution in order to make money from it. The majority of senators were neutral.

hat happened at Pharsalus? How did Caesar treat Pompey’s supporters? Where did Pompey go after the battle? What happened to him? How did Caesar eliminate the remaining supporters of Pompey after Pharsalus?

Pompey did not want to fight a set battle because he didn’t like the risk but his impatient optimates pushed him to do despite having the larger army he was defeated by Caesar and fled.
-Caesar allowed his enemy to be spared if they asked for mercy. clemency.
-Pompey fled to egypt and his two sons and cato fled to north africa.
-Pompey tried to gain the alliance of King Ptolemy XIII but the king had him cut down as soon he landed
- his sons and support hid in spain

Why did Caesar remain in Egypt for such a long time? What did he do there?

While Caesar was chasing down Pompey, who was in Egypt at the time, Caesar landed in Alexandria, the capital city of Egypt. He couldn’t leave at once because of contrary winds, so while he was there, he became embroiled in a war involving the members of the Royal family, the Ptolemies. The royal princess Cleopatra soon became his mistress and birthed a son by him, Ptolemy Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion.

(e.g. how many, why he took them). How did Roman senators feel about Caesar’s decision to accept the title of dictator for life? What did Caesar do that might have alienated part of the senate? How did the senate treat Caesar once he was established as sole ruler of Rome?

he was elected consul 5 times
1. to preside over elections/appoint himself
2. to serve one yr term as dictator
3. sole consul
5. became dictator impertuitum
- made them nervous
-He claimed that he was above them by presiding over them and taking away their power
- Republic would be destroyed for good. The senate bestowed many honors upon Caesar after he was sole ruler, mainly as a way for them to display that Caesar had too much power.

What beneficial acts did Caesar do for Rome and Romans? Significance of returning the right to collect taxes from provincials to the provincials? Why did Caesar reform the calendar? Why is it difficult to evaluate the success of Caesar’s political and cultural reforms?

- he did reforms to curb debt such as making coin and making a limit to amount of gold a person can have
- he did so to try to please everyone while taking the best route to curbing debt
- because it obviously needed tending to as the roman year was about 3 months off the solar year
- it is difficult to evaluate because of his untimely assassination, we do not know how far he would have gone

What campaign was Caesar planning just before he was killed?

was planning a campaign against Parthians. However cut short because he was killed by the foot of Pompeys statue. he was killed by Brutus and Cassius and other senators.

What role did debt play in the Catilinarian conspiracy? Who were Catiline’s supporters? Why was Catiline especially angry at Cicero?

- debt was the major contributor
-slaves and lower class people and patricians who fell on hard times as well as gauls
-Because at first cataline mocked cicero and his equestrian status and the fact he wasn’t a ‘real born roman’ so cicero attacked catalines poplulist agenda and turned conservative romans against him which was weird because most conservatives would have supported a ‘real roman born’ and older guy. Also cicero and anotnious beat out Cataline for consul two years in a row.

How was the conspiracy revealed? How is Catiline implicated? How strong is this evidence?

Cataline sends a letter to his friend saying ‘take care of my wife’ which really isn’t showing proof of a conspiracy. But the Allobroges are carrying this letter and their set up on the mulvian bridge and cicero has them arrested. Cicero gets this written text as evidence and shows it to senate which is more proof than ‘he said, she said’ but still easily forged. Was a challenge for Cicero to show how this all connects.

What position did Cato take in the senatorial debate about the conspirators? Caesar? What arguments did each man use to defend his recommendation? What did the senate ultimately decide to do?

-Cato wanted them all killed for conspiring against the repub
-Caesar wants them imprisoned as it is worse than death (he reviews past wars such as punic wars) also says that they have their reasons for what they do
- senate sides with cato and has them killed (breaks their necks, carried out by cicero)

How does Catiline die? How did Cicero respond to the news of Catiline’s death? Why was Cicero exiled for his actions during the conspiracy? What role did Clodius play in Cicero’s exile? How did Cicero die?

Cataline dies in a noble way; fights at the front with his men rushing into battle.
-Cicero proclaims himself the savior of the roman state and voted a thanksgiving by the senate.
- Clodius had him exiled because he acted contrary to roman law allowing the conspirators to get executed w/o a public trial.
- he was added to the list of proscriptions by Antony (probably for his phillipics) and was killed, his head and hands were displayed so people wouldnt act against triumvirate

What are our sources for the Catilinarian conspiracy and how does this create problems for our interpretation of the events?

Cicero’s Catilinarian Oractions serve as one source, which is obviously biased in Cicero’s favor, and Sallust’s Catilinarian War, which is biased as well against Cicero because Sallust’s texts aim to show the decline of Rome via the aristocracy’s moral decline.

Who killed Caesar? When? Why? How does it relate to Romulus? How did people respond? What did Marc Antony do? His murderers? Cicero?

- Brutus and Cassius and other senators
- the Ides of march
- Thought he was becoming to powerful
- same as rom because in one version he was killed by group of angry senators
- the people initially rejoice his assassination
- antony gives him a public funeral
- his killers were exiled
- cicero left deeply distraught and thought antony would restore senatorial aristocracy

How did Caesar finally win over the sympathy of the people after his death? What happened to Cleopatra after Caesar’s death?

Caesar wins over the sympathy of the people after his death by leaving them copious amounts of land and money in his will.
Cleopatra and her son Ptolemy Caesar were driven back into Egypt. (alexandria)

How did Cicero react to Antony’s efforts to have Caesar’s deeds ratified (approved) by the senate?

cicero seized the initiative to try and convince senate that they need to eliminate Antony because Cicero thought he was trying to become a dictator. Because antony held on too the money given to the people in Caesars will Philippics -- speeches against Antony (Q:weren’t they in this time? A: yes)

When did Octavian come to Italy? What was his relationship to Caesar?

when he heard of the assasination of caesar he sailed to Brundisium where he learned that Caesar had adopted him and had made him his principal heir. He was also accompanied by his friend Agrippa.
-He was Caesar’s grandnephew.

What happened at Mutina? Octavian’s role? How did he get this role? What did Octavian do after Mutina? How did the senate initially respond to his request? Why did they change their minds?

Cicero aligned himself with Octavian against Antony in 43. He persuaded the senate and consuls to support Octavian, give him imperium. Liberation of Mutina in early 43. Both consuls were killed at Mutina. Lepidus renounced his loyalties to the state. Antony joined forces with Lepidus (who controlled the Roman army). Octavian insisted that he be elected consul. The senate refused and Octavian marched on Rome. The senate then named him consul.

What was Octavian’s priority during his consulship?

He wanted to kill Caesar’s assassins and kill Pompey’s son. Avenge Caesar’s death

Why was the 2nd Triumvirate formed? How did it differ from the 1st Triumvirate? What powers did its members take for themselves?

- “for the restoration of the state” and to avenge the assassins of Caesar
-It was more official than the first and had legal grounding.
-They had 5 year term and had authority to make laws with out the senate and roman people. Could nominate people for office w/o senatorial consent but sometimes did care what the people thought but not always.

Why did the members of the 2nd Triumvirate resort to land confiscation and proscriptions?

There was a problem of paying the troops, resorted to land confiscations and proscriptions. There may have been more victims than in the Sullan proscriptions.
Cicero was added to the list by Antony, Octavian didn’t reject (he was killed on 7 December 43 BC).

What happened to Brutus and Cassius?

They were driven from Rome after Caesar’s will was read. Caesar gave all his land and money to the people, so suddenly everyone was against them. After being defeated at the Battle of Phillipi, they committed suicide. This(and Cato the Younger’s death at Utica) marked the end of the Roman republic.

What incident led to Octavian and Antony meeting in Brundisium? When did they meet? What was the outcome? What role did Octavia play?

In 40 BC Octavian took over Antony’s province of Gaul, aggressive move. They made the pact of Brundisium (reconciliation), was sealed by marriage of Antony to Octavia. Octavian remained in the West, Antony in the East, and Lepidus in Africa.

In what ways was Sextus Pompey causing trouble for the Second Triumvirate (Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus)? Where? Who was given the responsibility to deal with him? How was Sextus eventually stopped? What happened to the legions who were loyal to Sextus?

Sextus was waging war in Naples and Messina. Octavian dealt with him, though wanted help from Antony. Got help from Lepidus. Sextus finally executed in 35 BC after his earlier defeat. Those who did not renounce their loyalty to Sextus were killed.

Why did Antony remain in the East after Philippi? What was the nature of his relationship with Cleopatra?

Antony remained in the East after Philippi in order to raise money to pay the troops from Philippi, to settle veterans, to deal with disloyal rulers, and to take on the Parthians. Had an ongoing affair with Cleopatra.

What caused the relationship between Octavian and Lepidus to sour? What ultimately happened to Lepidus?

Lepidus tried to seize power from Octavian after he defeated Sextus, demanded that Sextus’ troops surrender to him. Octavian objected, entered Lepidus’ camp and invited all troops to recognize him as leader (demonstrates Octavians charisma). Lepidus was removed from Triumvirate and sent into exile.

Be familiar with the basic details of Antony’s campaign against the Parthians.

- first antony put Publius Ventidius in charge, he was doing good no real need for antony to return
-this is where antony lost 1/3 of his army when his ally the king of armenia withdrew his calvary

collapse of the alliance between Antony and Octavian? Role of propaganda, including the reading of Antony’s will? Against whom did the Romans, led by Octavian, declare war? Why this approach? Where did they meet in battle? What happened to Cleopatra and Antony? Their fleets?

- the triumvirate could no longer stave off the competition between antony and octaviaon
- He launched a propaganda war to rally his support and also make antony a villian
- War against Cleo
- becuase this way it wasnt a civil war
- Actium
- Cleo and antony fled made their way separately to alexandria
-thier fleets surrendered shortly after

What happened to the children fathered by Antony?

taken back to Rome and raised by Octavi

Be familiar with the details of the deaths of Antony and Cleopatra. What Roman poet commemorated the events of this battle and its consequences? Know what happened to Cleopatra’s son with Caesar, Ptolemy Caesar. Why was this necessary?

Antony comits suicide. Cleopatra is captured and spared, but decides she would rather comit suicide with an asp snake. Horace wrote a poem about it called “Odes.” Basically he says that Cleopatra was nuts/ a dirty ho-bag and Octavian (who will be known from now on as Caesar Augustus) set her strait. Ptolemy becomes pharoh, but is executed as soon as Octavian takes control of Egypt.

How did Augustus consolidate his power after the elimination of Antony as a rival? Why did he claim to have restored the republic?

He “restored” the republic via the first constitutional settlement. Handed back all authority to the people and the senate but agreed to remain consul and govern several provinces. Received the name Augustus (“Revered One”) and the title Princeps (“leading man”) rather than Imperator (“emperor”). “Restored” the republic and the senate so as not to make the same mistakes as Julius Caesar.

Be familiar with his different tactics, especially the methods he used to maintain good relations with the aristocracy (i.e. senators). When did he get the name Augustus? What does the name signify? Why did he take the title of princeps instead of imperator?

The pivotal difference between Augustus and Julius was that Augustus recognized the need for support from the senate. He got the name Augustus after the first constitutional settlement. The name signifies Revered One. He took the title princeps instead of imperator to further distance himself from the perception of being a monarch.

What factors contributes to the 2nd Constitutional Settlement? What came of this? What is the significance of maius imperium? Of Augustus being granted tribunician power?

A failed senatorial assassination plot and a bout with serious illness led to Augustus wanting to create a more formal legal grounding for his rule/authority. He resigned the consulship but retained provincial command. Accepted maius imperium and tribunica potestas, the latter to highlight his role as defender of Roman citizenry.

Augustus’ census of the senate as well as the adjustments he made to the consulship. In what ways was the senate under Augustus different from the senate in the republic? Why did Augustus refuse to hold a consulship? What was now the benefit of being a senator?

Conducted two censuses of the Senate, removing unworthy members. Instituted a minimum wealth requirement and returned the senate to 600 members. Enforced cursus honorum. Augustus refused to hold consulship further to distance himself from the idea of monarchy. Senators were eligible for special appointments by Augustus if they remained on his good side.

How did Augustus view the equestrian class? Why?

Augustus viewed the equestrians as under utilized. Employed their business expertise especially in property management and court proceedings in provinces. In Egypt, all top Roman officials were equestrians. Augustus viewed them as less threatening because the did not have senatorial ambitions. They were in it for the money.

changes did Augustus make to the military? In what ways did he increase Roman holdings? Unify the Roman empire? How did he manage the Parthians? What tactics did he use to maintain a presence in the Roman provinces? What seems to have been the general provincial attitude towards his rule?

-he made the military professsional, extended the terms of service, also you recieved the majority of your payment upon honorable discharge 20 yr term + 5 yrs reserve
- his efforts at expansion were in vain, partly because he wasnt that good at being a general, he told his successor to leave rome as it is there's no need for more expansion
- by using his own image as ruler
-he managed them by diplomatic approach
- put his image on coins and busts
- positive attitude due to money he brought

mythological origins and basic characteristics of the Golden Age. What role did Saturn play? What was life like during the Golden Age? What sorts of values did Augustus advertise as part of his regime?

Age of saturn (lived on earth, time of peace and identified with Astrae).
-life was peaceful and stable. People weren’t trying to harm fellow man by collecting debt. There was no labor, people weren’t trying to advance or work for anything.
-Augustus tried to advertise peace, loyalty to country and family, libertas(free speech), harmony, justice, respect for religion, respect for tradition like hanging masks in your house which is odd

What sorts of construction activities did Augustus undertake? Why? Instances where his building projects emphasize his ties to Julius Caesar? His dynastic intentions?

Altars, temples, roads, aqueducts, sewers, forums, theaters, Romulus and Remus’ hut. He left images and engravings of himself and his actions to leave a legacy for himself and his family. He built the Temple of Deified Julius Caesar to glorify his ancestor, thereby affirming his own claim to power. He had a statue made of him with Cupid tugging on his toga, which signified his relation to the goddess Venus. and his mausoleum trying to establish his dynasty

How did succession work under Augustus? How did this differ from the regal period (when Rome was governed by kings)? What complicated Augustus’ plans for succession? How did he ensure that the transition of power to his successor would be smooth?

Whoever has princep would hand over their authority to the next ruler. This was different from the regal period because there was no affirmation by the Senate. I’m not sure if it qualifies as him assuring a smooth transition, but the fact the there were no surviving competitors to the person he named as heir helped to cause a smooth transition.
stepson tiberius made his heir

Anneid book 1

Book One- Juno is mad and doesn’t want the Tojans to make it to Italy (even though it’s been fated to happen). Juno convinces Aeolus, god of winds, to create a storm over Aeneas’ fleet. Many of Aeneas’ ships wreck near Carthage. Neptune makes the storm go away (he doesn’t like it when other gos mess with his seas) and Aeneas and his surviving crews are taken in by queen Dido. In books 2 and 3 he tells about his time in Troy.

Anneid book 4

- Venus allows juno to let aneas and dido be married
-Jove, god of marriage, makes it official...sorta (when they go hunting together, the gods create a storm so that they’ll “take shelter” with each other in a cave.
-Mercury comes to tell Aeneas that he needs to leave to fulfill his destiny, so he starts getting ready to take off while figuring out how to break the news to Dido. She figures it out before he has a chance to tell her, gets pissed, and curses him. then commits suicide

Anneid book 6

Aeneas goes to the underworld to visit his father who takes him on a tour of the place and shows him his future line of decendants, including the totally-freaking-awesome Augustus. Yay for people in the [then] present.

Test 3 review

Classical Civilization 302 with Ebbeler at University of Texas - Austin

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