test 3
Biology 101 with Karpouf at University of Louisville
About this deck
By: Sarah Hollander
Created: 2008-10-28
Size: 225 flashcards
Views: 11
Created: 2008-10-28
Size: 225 flashcards
Views: 11
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the middle ear contains 3 bones called the...
ossicles
the peripheral regions of the retina contains only _____ cells
rod
Taste buds and olfactory cells are both _______ receptors
chemical
olfactory means
smell
the skin is sensitive to
pain pressure and temp
Light enters the main part of the eye is called the
iris
Vitamin A is important for vision b.c it actss as a precursor of ________ needed in rod function.
rhodopsin
the lens of the eye _____ the image as it passes through this structure.
inverts
the structure within the ear responsible for equilibrium is known as the.....
semicircular canal
the absence of rods and cones produce
blind spots
pressure equalizes in the mid ear due to the functioning of the....
eusachian tube
a cornea with some flat spots causes
astigmatisim
required to convert opsin and retinal back to rhodopsin
ATP
converts sound waves to vibrational movement
eardrum
the inverted imafe falls on the
retina
a pressure wave moves unchanged through the fluid-filled
cochlea
crystals associated w balance are termed the
otoliths
the inner ear is called the
cochlea
another name for typmanic membrane is the
eardrum
sensory receptors in the nose are classified as
chemoreceptors
saliva contains mucus which helps lubricate food particles it alsocontains an enzyme
digestion
the portion of the retina composed of only cones is called the
fovea
organisms must first percieve before it
responds
proprioreceptors are
special senses
sense organs are what kind of receptors and are found where?
somatic receptors and are found near joints
brain determines if its horrible ____ or not
pain
what action dosent involve the brain?
reflexes
largest senor organ
skin
skin is what percent of body weight
15%
refini
heat receptors
crosses embalb
cold receptors
kemo receptors on the tounge recept what
smell and taste through gasses and liquids
five tastes
Umani Bitter Sour Sweet Salty
we can recognize how many different odors
12,000
you have two ears because
equilibrium and to distinct where the sound is comming from
Inner ear
colecha
eustachian tube
where your ear pops
eardrum is aka
tempanic membrane
auditory canal
hairs filterforgein material
what four parts are attached to the colechea
ossicles hammer anvil and stirrup
auditory nerve in the back of the eye
sends info straight to the brain
Basil nerve cells
calcium carbonate crystals
basilar membrane
a strip of tissue
semi circular canals help with
equilibrium, everytimes you move fluid will move and detect also speed and direction
motion sickness is
over stimulation of the brain
_____ is a stimlulus of sight
light
who only see color
primates
Iris
contain eye color and pigments
lens located?
directly behinf the pupil
what are the three layers of the eyes called?
sclara-outside
chornea-middle layer
retina-inside
chornea-middle layer
retina-inside
what are the colors that rods react to?
red, blue and green
rods are responsible for
periphial vision
who is most commonly color blind?
males
what is wrong with the astigmatic cornea?
the surface of the cornea is unequally curved.
the muscular processes that are responsible for moving food along the digestive tract
perstalsis
the urethra
is of different lengthes in males and females
the eustachian tube functions to
equalize air pressure within the ear
The RNA synthesis, adienine pairs with
uracil
the DNA synthesis adenine pairs with
thymine
Codons are found in molecules of
M-RNA
During protein synthesis codons interact with
anticodons
protein assembly occurs on
ribosomes
the DNA molecule is not straigh, it exsits in the shape of a
double helix
Amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by molecules of
t-RNA
The base sequence found in m-RNA molecules is determined by
DNA
our sense of equalibrium is associated with the
semi circular canal
the major function of the sense organs is
collection and transmission of environmental information
the rods in the retina are required for
black and white vision
the structure of the human eye that functions in the same way as a camera shutter is
iris
the punctured eardrum impairs hearing b.c the sound waved are no longer directly transmitted to the....
ossicles
the number of different T-RNA molecules is
20
the protein assembley point
ribosome
organelle of the cell which contains information
nucleus
an RNA-speceific base
uracil
complementry to the codon
anticodon
overall control of protein synthesis resides here
nucleus
anticodon found here
t-RNA
molecule responsible for lining up amino acids in the correct order during syntheis
m-RNA
makes up part of the ribosomes structure
r-RNA
a base sequence recieved from your parents
DNA
code units found on mRNA
codon
melancites produce
melanin
melanin is responsible for your
coloring
DNA stands for
Deoxyribosenucleic Acid
RNA stands for
Ribosenucliec Acid
Who were the two people who found he 3-D structure of th DNA
james Watson and Francis Crick
DNA polymer contains....
all heredity info of a cell and is composed of nucleotides
nucleotides have 3 componets linked by condensation what are they?
phosphate, 5-c surgar, one of 4 nitrogen bases
what makes up the backbone of the DNA?
surgar phosphate
thymine pairs with
adenine
guanine pairs with
cytosine
Purines consist of
adenine and guanine
pyrimidines consist of
thymine and cytosine
RNA is what kind of structure?
single strand
what makes up the RNA's backbone?
surgar phosphate
RNA backbone is link by a
Nitrogen base
Uracil binds with
adenine
during DNA replication what pulls apart the DNA?
helicase
DNA polymerase does what?
synthesises the new DNA
RNA is different to DNA b.c
its smaller, uracil replaces thymine ribose instead of deoxyribose and there are several forms
the different forms of RNA are
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
tRNA
rRNA
rRNA stands for and is used to...
ribosomal RNA and used to buil the ribosome
tRNA stands for and is used to...
transfer RNA- transfers amino acids from storage to ribosome where they will be used (anticodon)
mRNA stands for and is used to...
messenger RNA- contains the instructions oor the primary structure of the protein to be produced(codon)
transcription happens in the
nucleus of a cell
translation happens in the
cytoplasm of a cell
how many different amino acids and tRNAs are there?
20
what is the most common start codon?
AUG
trascription is....
formation of mRNA
translation is....
formation of protien on a ribosome
base substitution mutation....
when one nucletide is replaced by the other
silent mutation
1 nucleotide is replaced by another. but the final amino acid sequence of the protein is not charged.
misesnse mutation
the altered codon still codes for an amino acid but for a different acid.
nonsense mutation and base insertion and misense are all _______ mutation
non-functional
the outward appereance of a genetic makeup is called the ______
phenotype
when the phenotype of F1 is a mixture of the phenotypes of the parents, the inheritance mechenism is
incomplete dominance
a cross is used if you are not sure of the dominant genotype
test
a hempholic male and his normal wife produce a hemophilliac son. If their next child is a girl, she has a % chance of being normal......
50%
alternative forms of genes are called
allels
taster is a dominant gene. If taster has children who are non-tasters, this genotype must be_____.
Tt
a gene carried on the x chromosome and passed to males is said to be inheritiance pattern is
sex-linked
a hybird is produced by a gene combination called
heterozygous
characteristics that express themselves over a wide phenotypic range are due to
multiple allels
the universal blood donon
O negative
a gene that always expresses itself
dominant
Rh-O-Gam is useful here
Rh amenia
blue eyes blond hair 5'3" tall
phenotype
a normal person who can pass on the abnormal gene
carrier
inheritance pattern of hemophilia
sex-linked
roan cattle
incomplete dominance
AABbccDc
genotype
no dominat characteristic in heterozygote
incomplete dominance
blood clotting disorder
hemophilia
results of mitosis
2 genetically identical cells
miosis
2 daughter cals w different genetics and go through it again to create 4 gentically different daughter cells
Steps of mitosis
Prophasae metaphase and anaphase
what happens in prophase
DNA starts comming apart
what happens in metaphase
4 chromosomes go against the cell plate
anaphase
the cell begins telophase and cytokinesis
telophase
cell info into daughter
cytokinesis
split apart to make a new cell
gene
a segment of DNA that encodes 4 a specific amino acid sequence of a protein
allels
contrasting forms of a gene, dominant or ressesive or mased and denoted bya lower case letter.
P stands for
parental generation
F1 stands for
1st generation
F2 stands for
second generation
genotype
gentic makeup
phenotype
physical apperance
gregor mendel expeirmented with and his theory was
did an expierment with garden peas. theory: parents transmit factors that remain into 2 allels
AA
homozygous dominant
Aa
heterozygous
aa
homozygous recessive
gametes are
what goes into the offspring
AABbCCDdEeFFGgHHiiJjKk how many different kinds of gametes?
2^6= 64 count howmany heterozygous pairs there are!
genotypes???
O
A
B
AB
O
A
B
AB
oo
AA, AO
BB,BO
AB
AA, AO
BB,BO
AB
O can receive from and give to?
A
B
AB
Rh+
Rh-
A
B
AB
Rh+
Rh-
O; O,A,B,AB
O,A;A,AB
O,B;A, AB
O,A,B,AB; AB
++, --; ++
--; ++, -+
O,A;A,AB
O,B;A, AB
O,A,B,AB; AB
++, --; ++
--; ++, -+
genetic deffect in which a chromosome is missing
deletions
when a piece of one chromosome is exchanged with another chromosome it is termed a
translocation
a genetig defect that involves the secratory tisue and interferes with breathing and digestion
cystic fibrosis
removal of fluid from the sac surrounding the fetus is termed
aminocentisis
a dengenerative disorder of the nervous system that strikes later in life is called
huntington disease
if you are a carrier of a defective gene you are phenotypically
normal
14/21 chromosome condition
translocation
viable monosomic condition
turners disease
a picture of the chromomes
karyogram
45 chromosomes
deletion
comined Immune Deficiency disorder
sex-linked disorder
loss of a chromsome
deletion/turners syndrome
47 chromosomes
trisomy and kleinfelter's syndrome
inactive xchromosome
Barr body
chromosomal based birth defects can include
additions deletions, translocations, and inversions.
additions
add a piece to the chromosome
inversions
out of order chromosome
inborn erros of metabolisim
enzymes
karyotype analysis
provides the ability to visualize the entire chromosomes of an individual
down syndrome
palmar crease
epithantic fold
heart and digestive tract disorders
high lukemia rate
reduced mental capacity
shortened life expectancy
epithantic fold
heart and digestive tract disorders
high lukemia rate
reduced mental capacity
shortened life expectancy
trisomy a.k.a
downsyndrome
XXY
klienfelter's syndrome
XO
turners syndrome
XXX
meta X syndrome
XYY
Extra Y syndrome
cystic fibrosis(gene based)
recessive gene
faulty chloride channels
treatable
gene therapy has begun
faulty chloride channels
treatable
gene therapy has begun
huntington disorder
dominant gene
late onet disorder
not treatable
neurmuscular degeneration
teast avaiable
late onet disorder
not treatable
neurmuscular degeneration
teast avaiable
phenylketourina
reccesive gene
phenyalanine disorder
treatable
phenocopy
phenyalanine disorder
treatable
phenocopy
tay sach's
recessive disorder
hexoseaminodase A missing
no treatment
"ethnic disorder"
test available
hexoseaminodase A missing
no treatment
"ethnic disorder"
test available
Albinisim disorder
recessive gene lack of melanin
galactosemia
recessive cataracts mental retardation
thalassemia
recessive similar to sickle cell
hemophelia
sex linked internal bleeding fail to clot
marfans syndrome
dominant elongated limbs defects of aorta and skeleton.
afflictions caused by sex-linked genes are more prevalant in
males
the most effective way of making human chromosome counts is
by treating and culturing white blood cells
discrete chromosomes are visible in a cell when
only the cell is dividing
meta-X is a sex chromosome anormally affecting the human female sucha condtition usually arises as a result of
an increased frequency of nondisjunction
the extra y chromosome of XYY males was thought for some time to cause
aggresive antisocail behavior
XO females are unusual in comparison to humans born with other chromosomal defects b.c
suffer no mental difiencies
barr bodies
are inactivated X chromosomes
inborn errors of metabolisim generally result from biochemical abnormalities that are in turn produced bby the lack of malfunction of one or more
enzymes
when a sexlinked gene expresses itself in a male child you know that he recieved the gene from his mother and not his father b.c
sex-linked genes are always inherited that way, he can only get a Y chromosome from his father, the X is from the mother
nearsightness is inherited as an autosomal recessive gene if a near sighted man marries a normal-vision woman whoes father was near-sighted, what might we except fromt heir children?
myopic, normal
when a trait occurs with five or six graded variations, a probable genetic explination would be
multiple gees are involved
prior to cell division new DNA is produced in the
nucleus
the genetic inheritanve you recieve from your parents consists of
intruction for protein synthesis
DNA replication, RNA synthesis, codon-anticodon interaction all have what in comon?
complimentary
Ribosomes
travel downt he strand of m-RNA sweeping up activated amino acids and making protein
it is considered genetically unsound fotr first cousins to produce children because
they are moe likely to share lethal genes
in a typical sex linked inheritance
son cannot inherit the gene from his father
in an RH- man marries an RH+ woman
no medical problems will arise s a result of RH incompatability
sex link traits are
found in different frequencies in males and females
the large scale production of genetically similar individuals is known as
clonning
trisomy is
the presence of an extra chromosome
cause of downsyndrome
sometimes caused by disjunction
is sometimes caused by translocation
cause of downsyndrome
sometimes caused by disjunction
is sometimes caused by translocation
the technique where by fetal cells may be obtained for observation or analysis is called
aminocentesis
sickle cell anemia
is a disorder involveing hemoglobin
the chromosomal abnormality in which a portion of one chromsome beaks off and becomes attached to another chromoome is called
translocation
combined immune deficiency disease is an example of a genetic problem that is
sex linked
most of what we know of the princples underlying human genetics has been derived from expieremnets and analysis of plants and animals because
humas make poor genetic subjects
a genetic disorder that involves the secretory tissues of the lungs digestive tract and pancreas is called
cystic fibrosis
inborn errorsof metabolism generally results from biochemical abnormalities that are in turn produced by the inherited lack or malfunction of one or more
enzymes
About this deck
By: Sarah Hollander
Created: 2008-10-28
Size: 225 flashcards
Views: 11
Created: 2008-10-28
Size: 225 flashcards
Views: 11
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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