Test 3

the belief that humans have inherent rights that the state has a responsibility to protect

the principle that external powers shouldn't intervene in the domestic affairs of sovereign states

19th century European discourse about which values & norms made a country "civilized" or "barbaric" & "uncivilized" The conclusion was that civilized countries should colonize barbaric regions for the latter's benefit

the security of people including their safety, their economic & social well-being, respect for their dignity & the protection of their human rights; simply put it's freedom from want

the notion that it's possible to improve the lives of people; basically it's about increasing the # of choices people have; these may include living a long & healthy life access to education & a better standard of living

also called "cooperative security" it stresses noncompetitive approaches & cooperative approaches through which states- both friends & foes- can achieve security; sometimes expressed as until all people are secure from threats of war no one is secure

the use of military force by external actors to end a threat to people within a sovereign state

the belief that key opinion-formers in Washington that global welfare would be maximized by the universal application of neoclassical economic policies that favor a minimalist state & an enhanced role for the market

involves the regulation & coordination of transnational issue areas by nation-states, international & regional organizations & private agencies through the establishment of international regimes; these regimes may focus on problem-solving or the simple enforcement of rules & regulations

in the orthodox view; a situation suffered by people who don't have the money to buy food & satisfy other basic material needs; in the alternative view; a situation suffered by people who aren't able to meet their material & non-material needs through their own effort

in this context it's the survival of the person by the provision of adequate food, clean water, clothing, shelter, medical care & protection from violence & crime

a human association in which members share common symbols & wish to cooperate to realize common objectives

in the orthodox view, top down; reliance on "expert knowledge," usually Western & definitely external; large capital investments in large projects; advanced technology; expansion of the private sphere; in the alternative view, bottom up; participatory; reliance on appropriate knowledge & technology; small investments in small scale projects; protection of the commons

describes government policies that reduce the role of the state in the economy such as the dismantling of trade tariffs & barriers, the deregulation & opening of the financial sectors to foreign investors & the privatization of state enterprises

est. 1995 w/ headquarters in Geneva; membership (2010) of 153 states; its a permanent institution to replace the provisional GATT; it has a wider agenda, covering services, intellectual property & investment issues as well as merchandise trade; it also has greater powers of enforcement through its dispute settlement mechanism; the organization's Trade Policy Review Body conducts surveillance of members commercial measures

est. in 1975 as the G-5 (France, Germany, Japan, the UK & U.S); subsequently expanded as the G-7 to include Canada & Italy & since 1998 the G-8 to include the Russian Federation; it conducts semi-formal collaboration on world economic problems; government leaders meet in annual G-8 submits, while finance ministers or their leading officials periodically hold other consultations

a slightly modified version of the Washington Consensus, promoting economic growth through trade liberalization coupled with pro-poor growth & poverty-reduction policies

each region of the world has experienced economic development differently based on traditions, culture, historical development & even geographic location

people with a diffuse sense of collective identity, solidarity & common purpose that usually lead to collective political behavior; the concept covers all the diff. NGOs & networks, plus all their member & all other individuals who share the common values; thus the women's movement & the environmental movement are much more than the specific NGOs that provide leadership & focus the desire for social change

a company that has affiliates in a foreign country; the affiliates may be branches of the parent company, separately incorporated subsidiaries or associates with large minority shareholdings

this has been defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

measures taken by states to ensure the safety of their citizens, the protection of their way of life & the survival of their nation-state; security can also mean the ownership of property that gives an individual the ability to secure the enjoyment or enforcement of a right or a basic human need

used to demonstrate the load placed on the Earth's carrying capacity by individuals or nations; it does this by estimating the area of productive land & water system required to sustain  a population at its specified standard of living

a historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities & expands the reach of power relations across regions & continents

communities of plants & animals in an environment that supplies raw materials for all living things

an organization usually a grassroots one with policy goals but not governmental in makeup; an NGO is any group of people relating to each other regularly in some formal manner & engaging in collective action provided the activities are noncommercial & nonviolent & aren’t on behalf of a government

governance is the performance of regulative functions, often in the absence of a central government authority; it usually refers to the structure of international agreements & organizations but can also involve governance by the private sector or NGOs

international institutions that have a special relationship with the central system of the UN but are constitutionally independent having their own assessed budgets, executive heads & committees & assemblies of the representatives of all state member

sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules & decision making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations; often simply defined as governing arrangements in a regional or global policy area

the regular patterns of interaction between states but without implying any shared values between them; this is distinguished from the view of a "society" of states

a system of production in which human labor & its products are commodities that are bought & sold in the marketplace

this is the extreme deterioration of land in arid & dry sub-humid areas due to loss of vegetation & soil moisture; results chiefly from man-made activities & is influenced by climatic variations; the condition's principally caused by overgrazing, over-drafting of groundwater & diversion of water from rivers for human consumption & industrial use all of these processes fundamentally driven by overpopulation

the specify general standards of behavior & identify the rights  obligations of states; together, norms & principles define the essential character of a regime & these can't be changed w/o transforming the nature of the regime

the condition of a state having control & authority over its own territory & being free from any higher legal authority; it's related to but distinct from the condition of a government being free from any external political constraints

the process of sharing skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing & facilities among governments & private actors (ex. corporations) to ensure that scientific & technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users for application in new products, processes, material or services

providing the funds & technical training to allow developing countries to participate in global environmental governance

a convention on climate was agreed to at the Rio Conference in 1992; it represents a change in statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years; it can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average; may be limited to a specific region or it may occur across the whole Earth

areas & resources not under national sovereignty that belong to no single country & are the responsibility of the entire world; the oceans beyond the 200 mile limit, outer space & Antarctica are examples

the procedure by which a state approves a convention or protocol that it has signed; there will be rules in the treaty concerning the # of ratifications required before it can enter into force