Test 3 

Cardiovascular System

Secondary circulatory system that picks up leaked fluids in the tissues, returns it to the circulatory system

composed of cardiac tissue

thin-walled chamber at the tope of the heart that collect blood and force it into ventricles

Very thick

Right Atrium and Right Ventricle

the vessels that transport blood to and from all body tissues

control the flow of the blood through the heart

Prevents the backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract

caused by leaky valves that allow some blood to go back into the arterial chamber

Pulmonary & Aortic valves

closing of the atrioventricular valves

artia contracts then ventricles contract then heart rests

comes from expansion and contraction of aorta after the ventricles contract

atria contract firs ten then the ventricles

Cardiac Muscle Cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node(pacemaker of the heart)start the contraction. The impulse travels to the atrioventricular (AV) node (which slows the impulse as it goes from the atria to the ventricles). Then, the atrioventricular (AV) bundle recieves the muscle impulse and extends into the interventricular septum before dividing to left and right bundles. They trasnmit it to Purkinje fibers which are mixed with myocardium and thus spread the impulse through the cardiac muscle.

Carry blood away from the heart

Smaller branches that transport blood into organs

very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body-- exchange of wastes, nutrients etc

collect blood from arteries and transport it to the veins

vessels the carry blood to the heart

4 to 6 L

99% water

red blood cells

white blood cells - fight infections

the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels

contraction

relaxation

"Father of Evolution"

change in alleles in population

large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time.

Geological processes are the same as they have always been

observation that nature plants and animals produce far more offspring than can survive, and that man too is capable of over producing if left unchecked.

Favorable characteristics would be preserved and unfavorable would die out

1. evolution explains diversity of organisms and similarities

All species have the reproductive potential to develop into huge populations

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection

small changes in allele frequencies in a population over generations

localized group of individuals belonging to the same species that reproduce with one another

group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

total number of genes in a population at a given time

evolved different characteristics in different locations

Increase in the frequency of the dark phenotype due to industrial pollution. 1800s

A model situation in which allele frequencies do not change, no evolution.

p²+ 2 pq + q² = 1

p = frequency of allele A and q = frequency of allele a

1. Mutation DOES NOT occur

P2 = Frequency of the AA

can be used as counting alleles in population over time and comparing their frequencies from 1 year to the next

alleles and genotype frequencies don't change as a result of genetic recombination through meiosis.

changes in the gene pool of that occur by chance

some disaster may wipe out most of the population and only a few survivors that are not representative of the larger group. May lead to genetic drift.

few individuals populate a new space.

having unusual genes enter the population can cause a difference in allele frequencies

Due to movement of pollen

change in an organisms DNA- can change the frequency of a gene in the population immediately by substituting within the allele

1 mistake in a base for hemoglobin produces the sickle cell gene or the abnormal gene for hemoglobin production

a.      the sickle cell trait confers increased resistance to the malarial parasite, which spends part of its life cycle inside the red blood cell.

mating is not random. Most individuals marry close to the population

mating occurs b/w related individuals that carry recessive genes will eventually increase in the population

choosing mates with a particular characteristic

• Results in the adaptation of a population to the environment
• Leads to differences in species

• Peppered moths of england
• Antibiotic, persticide and herbicide resistance

intermediate phenotypes are selected

Favors the two extremes over the intermediate