Test 3
Psychology 2012 with Ocana at Seminole State College
About this deck
By: Sherry Cooper
Created: 2011-02-21
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 31
Created: 2011-02-21
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 31
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sensory receptors
specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain. vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste.
sensation
involves detecting and transmitting information about different kinds of energy. the sense organs and sensory receptors fall into several main classes based on te type of energy that is transmitted. the functions of these classes include photo reception - detection of light, mechanoreception - detection of pressure, vibration, and movement, preceived as touch, hearing, and equillibrium, chemoreception - detection of chemical stimuli, perceived as smell and taste.
absolute threshold
the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect.
perception
gives meaning to an object. of the obvious stimuli that are present in your environment you areable to sense and perceive only some of them - we perceive only what matters.
selective attention
the act of focusing on a specific aspect of experiance while ignoring others.
perceptual set
a predispostion or readiness to perceive something in a particular way.
sensory adaptation
a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation.
personal perception
refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others. it lays an important role in our relationships. 1st impressions, daily communication & interactions, what do we say - the words we use, how do we say it - the tone, body language & gestures.
learning
a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experiance.
behaviorism
a theory of learning that focuses soley on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing and hoping.
observational learning
learning that takes place when a person observes and imitates anothers behavior. (Albert Bandura)
classical conditioning
learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. (Ivan Pavlov)
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.
unconditoned response (UCR)
an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditional stimulus.
conditioned response (CR)
the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing.
operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurance
reinforcement
the process by which a rewarding stimulus or event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probabillity that the behavior will happen again.
shaping
rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.
positive reinforcement
the presentation of a rewarding stimulus following an appropriate behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
negative reinforcement
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following an appropriate behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
primary reinforcer
a reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning or the organism's part to make it pleasurable.
secondary reinforcer
a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experiance; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer.
schedules of reinforcement
specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
generalization (operant conditioning)
performing a reinforced behavior in a different stiuation
discrimination (operant conditioning)
responding appropriatedly to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced
extinction (operant conditioning)
decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced.
punishment
a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
positive punishment
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
negative punishment
the removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
Purposiveness of behavior
E.C. Tolman (1932) emphasized the purposiveness of behavior - the idea that much of behavior is goal directed.
Latent (implicit) learning
unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected behavior.
insight learning
a form of problem solving in which the organism developes a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution.
Factors in learning
Biological, cultural, psychological constraints.
Psychological (Dweck 2006) growth mindset students do better than fixed mindset. 1 Understand your intelligence and thinking skills are not fixed and can change. 2 Become passionate about learning and stretch your mind in challenging situations. 3 think about the growth mindsets of people you admire. 4 begin now.
Memory
the retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes 1. encoding 2. storage, and 3 retrieval.
Encoding
the first step in memory the process by which information gets into memory storage
Storage
the renention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory
Retrieval
the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage
Memory Storage
Sensory memory/Short term memory/long term memory
Sensory memory
Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
Short term memory
limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer.
Working memory
a three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to help us understand, make decisions, and solve problems.
Chunking and Rehearsal
Two ways to improve short term memory.
Chunking involes grouping or packing information that exceeds the 7+2 memory span into higher order units that can be rememberedas single units.
Rehearsal conscious repetition of information
Long term memory
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time.
Diagram of working memory
phonological loop/visualspatial working memory/central executive
Explicit memory
the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.
Implicit memory (nondeclarative)
memory in which behavior is affected by prior experiences without a conscious recollection of that experiance.
Retrieval
the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage
Serial position effect
the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle
Recall and Recognition
Recall is a memory task in which the individual has to retrieve previously learned information. Recognition is a memory task in which the individual only has to identify (recognize) learned items.
Autobiographical memory
a special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.
Level 1 life time periods Level 2 general events Level 3 event specific knowledge
Flashbulb memory
the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than every day events
Traumatic memory
there is good evidence that memory for traumatic events is usually more accurate than memory for ordinary events.
Thinking
the mental process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively.
Concept
a mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
Problem Solving
the mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available.
Fixation
using a prior strategy and failing to look at problem from a fresh new perspective.
Inductive reasoning
Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations.
Deductive reasoning
reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance.
Decision making
the mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them.
Critical thinking
thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence.
Creativity
the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems.
Creative thinker charcteristics
Flexibility and playful thinking/Inner motiviation; creative/Willingness to face risk/Objectie evaluation of work.
Intelligence
all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.
Mental age
an individual's level of mental development relative to that of others. Binet developed the concept of MA.
Intelligence quotient
an individuals mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100.
IQ=(MA/CA)x100
Gifted
possessing high IQ of 130 or highter and/or superior talent in a particular area.
Mental retardation (intellectual disability)
a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.
Triarchic theory of intelligence - Robert Sternberg
intelligence comes in multiple (specifically, three) forms: Analytical, Creative, and Practical.
Frames of Mind - Howard Gardner
Nine types of intelligence: Verbal, Mathematical, Spatial, Body Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Nautralist
About this deck
By: Sherry Cooper
Created: 2011-02-21
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 31
Created: 2011-02-21
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 31
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
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