Test #3
Academic Skills 420 with Sanchez at Arizona State University - Tempe
About this deck
By: Elle Abbruscato
Created: 2011-03-20
Size: 126 flashcards
Views: 20
Created: 2011-03-20
Size: 126 flashcards
Views: 20
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis
Sign up (free) to study this.
learning
a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result or past experience
conditioning
the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses
classical conditioning
the basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response
example: pavlov and dog
unconditioned stimulus
the natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning
unconditioned response
the unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
a formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response
conditioned response
the learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
the occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well
stimulus discrimination
the occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, simular stimuli
higher order conditioning (second order conditioning)
a procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus
extinction
gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus
behaviorism
school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning
placebo response
an individual's psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug
taste aversion
a classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food
biological preparedness
in learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form assiociations between certain stimuli and responses
law of effect
learning principle, proposed by Thorndike, that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation
operant
skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences
operant conditioning
the basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response
reinforcement
the occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated
positive reinforcement
a situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations
negative reinforcement
a situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations
primary reinforcer
a stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcers
discriminative stimulus
a specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced
operant chamber/ skinner box
the experimental apparatus invented by B.F Skinner to study the relationshop between environmental events and active behaviors
shaping
the operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed
continuous reinforcement
a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced
partial reinforcement
a situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer
schedule of reinforcement
the delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses
fixed-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occurred
example: reward
variable-ration schedule
a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial
fixed-interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval has elapsed
example: paycheck every 2 weeks
variable-interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial
example: raise in your job
behavior modification
the application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors
cognitive map
Tolman's tern for the mental represenation of the layout of a familiar environment
latent learning
Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available
learned helplessness
a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior
instinctive drift
the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response
observational learning
learning that occurs through observing the actions of others
mirror neurons
a type of neuron that activates both when an action is performed and when the same action is perceived
memory
the mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time
encoding
the process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system
storage
the process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time
retrieval
the process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it
stage model of memory
a model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages
-sensory memory
-short-term memory
- long-term memory
sensory memory
the stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time
short-term memory
the active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds
long-term memory
the stage of memory that represent the long-term storage of information
maintenance rehearsal
the mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory
chunking
increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk
working memory
the temporary storage and active, conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving
elaborative rehearsal
rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory
procedural memory
category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions
ex: riding a bike
episodic memory
category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events
ex: events
semantic memory
category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge, concepts, facts, and names
ex: facts
explicit memory
information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected
aka declarative memory
ex: want to remember
implicit memory
information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected
aka nondeclarative memory
ex: just remember automatically
clustering
organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory
semantic network model
a model that describes units of information in long-term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations
retrieval
the process of accessing stored information
retrieval cue
a clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory
retrieval cue failure
the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues
tip-of-the-tongue experience
a memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it
recall
a test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues
cued recall
a test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a trieval cue
recognition
a test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices
serial position effect
the tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in middle
encoding specificity principle
the principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the condiions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful
context effect
the tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information
mood congruence
an encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood
flashbulb memory
the recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or signficant personal event; details may or may not be accurate
forgetting
the inability to recall information that was previously available
encoding failure
the inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory
prospective memory
remembering to do something in the future
decay theory
the view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time
source memory
memory for when, where, and how a particular experience or piece of information was acquired
interference theory
the theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another
retroactive interference
forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interferece
proactive interference
forgetting in which and old memory interferes with rememering a new memory; foward-acting memory interference
suppression
motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information
repression
motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness
misinformation effect
a memory-distortion phenomenon in wich a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information
source confusion
a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten
false memory
a distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur
schema
an organized cluster of information about a particular topic
script
a schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event
imagination inflation
a memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred
memory trace/ engram
the hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory
long-term potentiation
a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons
amnesia
severe memory loss
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory, especially for episodic information
memory consolidation
the gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes
antergrade amnesia
loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories
dementia
progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result of a disease or a condition
alzheimer's disease
a progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete common caused of dementia
cognition
the mental activites involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge
thinking
the manipulation of mental represenations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions
mental image
a mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present
concept
mental category of objects or ideas based on properties they share
formal concept
a mental category that is formed by learning the rules of features that define it
natural concept
a mental category that is formed as a result of everyday experience
prototype
the most typical instance of a particular concept
exemplars
individual instances of a concept or category, held in memory
problem solving
thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available
trial and error
problem-solving strategy that involved attempting different solutions and elminating those that do not work
algorithm
problem-solving strategy that involved following a sepcific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution
heuristic
problem-solve strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions
insight
the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved
intuition
coming to a conclusion or making a judgement without conscious awareness of the thought processes invovled
functional fixedness
the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way
mental set
the tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past
availability heuristic
a strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how readily available other instances of the event are in memory
representativeness heuristic
a strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the prototype of the event
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the hypothesis that differences among languages cause differences in the thoughts of their speakers
intelligence
the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment
mental age
a measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of the average abilities of a given age group
IQ
a measurement of general intelligence derived by comparing an individual's score with the scores of others in the same age group
achievement test
test designed to measure a person's level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in a particular test
aptitide test
a test designed to assess a person's capacity to benefit from education or traingin
standardization
the administration of a test to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms
normal curve/ normal distribution
bell-shaped distribution of individual differences in a normal popuation in which more scores cluster around the average score
reliability
the ability of a test to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasion under similar conditions
validity
the ability of a test to measure what it is inteded to measure
g factor
the notion of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person's overall performance on tests of mental ability
Triarchic Theory
analytical intelligence- used in learning how to solve problems
creative intelligence- ability to deal with new situations
practical intelligence- ability to adapt to the environment
About this deck
By: Elle Abbruscato
Created: 2011-03-20
Size: 126 flashcards
Views: 20
Created: 2011-03-20
Size: 126 flashcards
Views: 20
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis