Test 3

Psychology 1001 with Berta at University of Colorado Boulder

About this deck

By: Michelle Harrison
Textbook:

Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding Value Package (includes MyPsychLab CourseCompass with E-Book Student Access )
Created: 2011-04-03
Size: 94 flashcards
Views: 92

About StudyBlue

STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school. Things like online flashcards with photos and audio. Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next. Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone. STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis

Sign up (free) to study this.

Bottom-up processing

Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory info

top down processing

info processing guided by higher level mental processes

sensation

detecting energy from the environment and encoding it a neural signals

perception

selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations

psychophysics

the study of the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological or sensory experience of them

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus fifty percent of the time

difference threshold

the min difference between 2 stimuli that can be required for detection 50 percent of the time

weber's law

to be detected as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant min percentage (rather than a constant amount)

signal detection theory

attempts to predict how and when the presence of a faint stimulus (the signal) is detected against background noise

catch trial

trial in which the stimulus is not presented

catch trial hit

the signal was present and detected

catch trial miss

the signal is present but not detected

catch trial correct rejection

signal is not present and is not detected

catch trial false alarm

signal not present but mistakenly detected

subliminal stimulation

perceive something below one's threshold for conscious awareness, weak effect

backward messages

not effective

light

amplitude: height of wave related to brightness

wavelength: distance from one wave to the next- related to color

transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another

cornea

transparent outer covering of the front of the eye

pupil

an adjustable hole in the iris

-regulates the amount of light entering the eye (more intense the light, the smaller the pupil)

-pupil size effected by sympathetic nervous system

iris

a ring of muscle

lens

light is focused by the lens

retina

light sensitive inner surface of the eye

-absorbs light

-starts processing the image even before it goes to the brain

-contains the receptors of vision

fovea

responsible for sharp, central vision

floaters

bits of material in the eye that cast a shadow on the retina

the blind spot

place where the optic nerve exists in the eye -there are no receptors there

main visual pathway

retina-optic nerve-thalamus-occipital lobe

young hemholtz theory

the retina has 3 diff color recpetors

1. most sensitive to red wavelengths

2. most sensitive to green wavelengths

3. most sensitive to blue wavelengths

-does not explain all color phenomena

opponent process theory

cones feed into neurons that are stimulated or inhibited by cone pairs

feature detectors

neurons in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus

parallel processing

ability to cary out multiple tasks simultaneously

relationship of loudness and sound

directly proportional

relationship of frequency and pitch

the higher the pitch, the higher the frequency

cochlea

spiral cavity of inner ear that produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

hair cells

sensory receptors of the auditory system located in the cochlea

basilar membrane

within the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea

place theory

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

frequency theory

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

selective attention

the focusing of one’s conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

related to the cocktail party effect (ability to attend to only one voice among many)

change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment

change deafness

relates to the inability to detect changes between two voices during the allocation of attention

choice blindness

cognitive illusion in which people wrongly think they have direct insight into the origins of their mental states, while treating others' introspections as unreliable.

necker cube

you can't tell which face of the cube is at the front

figure ground

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

-face vase illusion

meaning of "the whole is more (or different) than the sum of its parts

that simple reductionism does not work to understand a problem. When looking at a problem one must consider all aspects of it.

gestalt principle of proximity

we group nearby figures together

gestalt principle of similarity

we group similar figures together

gestalt principle of continuity

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

gestalt principle of closure

we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object

gestalt principle of connectedness

we perceive linked objects as a single unit

retinal disparity

by comparing the diff images from the 2 eyes the brain computes distances

convergence

the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object

binocular cues

require 2 eyes

monocular cues

require one eye

relative size

the closer the object, the larger it appears

interposition

if an object particularly blocks our view of another object we perceive it as closer

relative clarity

hazy objects appear further away than sharp, clear ones

relative height

we perceive objects higher in our vision as further away

linear perspective

parallel lines appear to converge in the distance

shadows

the visual system assumes light comes from above

phi phenomenom

an illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging even as the retinal images changes

perceptual set

a mental pre disposition to perceive one thing and not another

perceptual adaptation

the ability to adjust to an artificially displace or inverted visual field

perceptual set

a mental pre disposition to perceive one thing and not another

extrasensory perception (ESP)

involves reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind

-most psychologists believe there is no reliable evidence that anyone possesses esp

telepathy

mind to mind communication

clairvoyance

perceiving remote events

precognition

perceiving future events

psychokinesis

mind affecting matter

ganzfeld procedure

a technique used in the field of parapsychology to test individuals for extrasensory perception (ESP)

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

william james and the stream of consciousness

consciousness moves, flows, and changes

levels of consciousness: controlled processes

require alert awareness, attention, and do not interfere with other activities

-performed serially (one step at a time)

-performed slowly

-can become automatic with practice

levels of consciousness: automatic processes

occur with little awareness, require minimal attention, and do not interfere with other activities

-performed in parallel (more than one process at a time)

-performed quickly

daydreaming

decreases with age

how much time does a young adult spend daydreaming?

one third of waking life

tested by experience sampling methods (pager, pocket computer, cell phone randomly sounded throughout the day)

how can daydreaming be healthy

-helps relaxation

-help endure frustration

-help alleviate boredom

-reverse possible approaches to boredom

fantasy prone personalities

someone who imagines and recalls experiences with like like vividness and spends considerable time fantasizing

-approx 4 percent of population

fantasy prone personality traits

-spend about half their waking life daydreaming

-highly susceptible to hypnotism

-para-identities (past lives)

-psychic experiences

-out of body experiences

-receive special messages

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person, the hypnotist, sugest to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will occur spontaneously

hypnotic induction

a set of activities designed to 1. minimize external distractions 2. encourage concentration on only the suggested stimuli 3. encourage the belief that the subject is about to enter a special state of consciousness

features of hypnosis

1. enriched fantasy

2. cognitive passivity (little planning, subjects wait for hypnotists instructions

3. hyperselective attention

4.reduce reality testing (subject accepts hypnotists description of reality)

phenomena associated with hypnosis

1. anesthesia

2. hallucinations

3. age regression

4. enhanced memory

5. post hypnotic suggestion (suggestion made during a hypnotic session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized)

6. disinhibition 9do things you normally wouldn't do)

brain state

no demonstrated major change in brain state during hypnosis

2 views of hypnosis: social influence theory

-hypnosis as role playing

-subjects act as they think hypnotized subjects should act

-not faking, they're playing a role

2 views od hypnosis: hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness

hypnotized subjects do some things that cannot be performed by non hypnotized subjects

-some brain changes occur

neo dissociation theory

states that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness

-during hypnosis our consciousness divides into2 streams

1.part of consciousness aware of the hypnotist and the external world

2. hidden observer- a hypnotizedsubject'sawarenessunreportedexperien

psychoactive drugs

chemicals that change perceptions and moods through their actions at the neural synapses

depressants

calm neural activity and slow body functions

alcohol

lowers our inhibitions . slows neural processing, disrupts memory formation, reduces self awarenss

barbiturates

tranquilizers (sleep)

opiates

depress neural functioning (morphine, heroin)

stimulants

excite neural activity (caffeine, nicotine)

About this deck

By: Michelle Harrison
Textbook:

Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding Value Package (includes MyPsychLab CourseCompass with E-Book Student Access )
Created: 2011-04-03
Size: 94 flashcards
Views: 92

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis