test 4
Biological Sciences 145 with Bettendorf at Illinois State University
About this deck
By: ceili phalen
Textbook:
Human Biology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor with SMARTHINKING, InfoTrac 1-Semester Printed Access Card)
Created: 2012-04-10
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 7
Textbook:
Human Biology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor with SMARTHINKING, InfoTrac 1-Semester Printed Access Card)Created: 2012-04-10
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 7
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what is the purpose of the heart valves
prevent back flow of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood
which vessel in the heart has the lowest oxygen content?
Pulmonary arteries
pulmunary emboli
a blood clot that has traveled to the lungs
pulmonary veins
have the highest content of oxygen
Types of diabetes
type 1- (juvenile) insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Type 2- non-insulin dependent mellitus (NIDDM)
Arrhythmias
a heart rate or heart rhythm disorder
Tachycardia
type of arrhythmia that mean the heart is beating too fast.
Bradycardia
type of heart arrhythmia that means the heart is beating too slow
fibrillation
is the rapid irregular contraction of muscle fibers. the most common type of arrhythmia.
average heart rate?
70 beats per min.
avgg weight of a heart?
10-12 ounces
the heart can beat up to how many times its normal rate
4 times increase in rate
atherosclerosis
a build up of plaque (fatty substances) in the arteries .
heart diseas stats
1 in 2 women will die
1 in 25 will die of breast cancer
dyspnea
shortness of breath
ventricular fibrillation is involved with what?
heart attack
what % of adults drink on a regular basis
65%
what % of college age adults drink
?
?
80%
binge drinking
five or more drinks in one occasion.
males: 5 within 2 hrs
females: 4 within2 hrs
what % of students @ ISU binge drink?
66%
what % of ISU students engage in a form of public misconduct while intoxicated
54.6%
what % engage in unwanted sex what drinking?
86%
what % black out?
52%
what by-products make you feel drunk?
by-products of fatty acids entering your body---they clog the surface of neurons and affect your memory, speech, mood
fatty acid by-products
cause you to feel drunk. acumulate in the brain. affects neurotransmission.
frontal lobe sedation
reasoning and judgment impaired
speech and vision center sedation
impaired coordination
2 enzymes that are important that breakdown alc.
alcohol dehydrogenase and
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
steps to break down alc.
1. alc (ethanol)
2. alcohol dehydrog
3. actaldehyde
4. actaldehyde dehydrog
5. acetyl CoA-- citric acid cycle
6. fattly acids
7. fat (beer belly)
what 2 vessels bring deoxygenated blood into the heart?
inferior/superior veina cava
what is the valve that is found btw the right atrium and the right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
how long does it take to metabolize alc?
1 hour
what is alc broken down to/ alcohol dehydrog breaks ethanol down to what?
acetaldehyde
what is 1 factor btw male and female in the way they process alc?
women have less water in their bodies, lower activity of alc. dehydrog (what breaks down alc), larger proportion reaches blood
which type of diabetes is due to an autoimmune disease?
type 1
what % of alc. is absorbed through walls of the stomach?
20% and reaches the brain within 1 min.
what % is absorbed in the small intestine
80% and it goes into the blood stream and taken to the liver.
what are some factors influencing alc. absorbtion?
food, water, fat
what is alc. poisoning?
breathing becomes irregular or stops.
heart beats- irregular or stops.
hypothermia
can lead to seizures
choking on vomit
symptoms of poisoning
vommiting, unconsciousness, cold/clamy, slow breathing, overdose will slow or stop oxygen flow throughout body.
how many students die each yr due to alc. related incedences?
1825 btw ages 18-24
myocardium
heart muscle
layers of the heart wall
pericardium- surrounds, protects, and lubricates.
myocardium-muscle
endocardium- lines the chamber of the heart and blood vessels
cycle of the blood
1. leaves heart thorugh arteries
2. goes to ateriole (sm blood vessel, branches out from an artery)
3. to capillaries
4. venule ( sm blood vessel that goes to larger ones )
5. vein
6. back to heart
lipoprotein
lipid + protein
protein coated lipid molecule
cholesterol movers
LDL "bad one"
low density lipoprotein brings cholesterol to cells for plasma membranes or hormone sythesis
HDL "good one"
high density lipoproteins, remove excess cholesterol to liver for disposal into bile.
atheroclerosis
build up of plaque in arterial walls. (inflammatory disease)
ischemia
restriction of blood supply causing shortage of oxygen
angina Dectoris
chest pain (temporary) pressure or discomfort
what is a heart attack?
myocardial infection (MI)
medications for the heart
statins: reduce the # of lipids in blood to reduce plaque.
nitroglycerin: dilates the coronary arteries (easier blood flow)
couradin: prevents clots
asprin: blood thinner
who has a tendency to blackout more?
females
what % of alcoholics end up witha thaymine deficiency?
80%
enzymes
involved in our metabolism (a series of chemical reactions)
sinoatrial node-
pacemaker of the heart (right atrium) SARA
tapacardium
heart rate over 100 beats per minute
ECG (electrocardium)
diagnosis of heart abnormality. determining irregular heartbeat. Monitoring heart disease.
myocarditis
inflammation of the cardiac muscle layer- if untreated strep infection.
may weaken the heart and impair it's ability to act as an effective pump.
mitral valve prolapse
affecting 5% of the population. often seen in young women.
varicose veins
stretching of veins caused by accumulation of blood. weak valves (allowing pooling of blood)
anemia
lack of iron
decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
normal blood pressure
120/80
when taking blood pressure:
no sounds when closed and when open. only sounds when its opening and closing.
systolic
as pressure is released, a thump is heard. heart contracting. less than 120 is normal. 140 and above is high
diastolic
pressure at the moment your heart relaxes (thumping stops) to permit blood flow to it's chambers. 80 or less is normal 90 or above is high
hypertension
high blood pressure
hypotension
blood pressure too low
aneurysm
bulging or burst blood vessel.
thrombus
stationary blood clot
embolus
free flowing clot. moves around through body
hemorrage
rupture
aneruysm
ballooning which can then rupture
stroke
portion of the brain dies due to lack of oxygen
TIA's
transient ischemic attacks- temporary interruptions of the blood supply to an area of the brain "mini strokes"
ischemia
inadequate oxygen to tissue due to insufficient blood flow from plaque
stroke
85% of all are due to clot. sudden brain damage. Lack of blood flow to brain by a clot or rupture of blood vessel
obesity and diabetes stats
80% of all type 2 diabetes are overweight.
obesity in children have doubled in the past 20 years.
type 2 diabetes has tripled in the last 5 years.
where does glucose come from?
carbohydrate digestion
salivary amylase
in saliva and is an enzyme that starts breaking down carbs .
break down of carbs:
starch (reactant)
maltose
glucose
active sight--salivary enzyme (amylase) that breaks molecules into smaller ones.
blood glucose peaks how many hours after eating?
2 hours. and falls back to normal 2 hours after that.
how much glucos in the blood is consider a prediabetes state?
100-125.
under 100 is normal
role of insulin?
allows glucose to enter the cell.
pancreas: what is exocrine function?
digestive enzymes which the pancreas produces
endocrine function
system of glands which secret insulin and glucagon secreated by the pancreas and goes to blood.
hypoglycemia
very low amount of glucose in the blood. "low blood sugar"
hyperglycemia
excessive amound of glucose or high blood sugar. give insulin
iolite cell
regions of the pancreas that contain its' endocrine. Glucagon and insulin
symptoms of diabetes
thristy/dehydrated/ hungry/ frequente urination/ sugar in your pee.
glycolysis
how we metabolize glucose. reactant: glucose
glycogen
storage from of glucose. in plants this is starch.
what happens what there is an icrease in blood glucose?
insulin is released which stimulates glucose uptake by cells.
diabetic neuropathy
nerves in feet are damaged causing sensation of pain to be reduced. Amputation is a higher risk
what happens when there is a decrease in blood glucose?
glucagon is released which stimulates glucose release and glycogen breakdown.
insulin is produced by?
beta cells in the pancreas
glucagon is produced by?
alpha cells in the pancrease
beta and alpha cells are in what part of the pancreas??
clusters of cells called islets of langerhans
fetal hyperglycemia
fetal beta cells secrete extra insulin. enhances growth of fat and can cause the fetus to be over 10lbs
diabetes treatment
daily insulin injections. blood sugar monitoring. diet management.
blood flow through the heart.
oxygenated blood from lungs to PULMONARY VEINS to LEFT ATRIUM. through BICUSPID VALVE to LEFT VENTRICLE. through AORTIC VALVE to the AORTA. blood goes to the ARTERIES,carrying oxygen rich blood to the body. to CAPILLARIES to VEINS carry deoxy blood to vena cavas to RIGH ATRIUM. through TRICUSPID VALVE to RIGHT VENTRICLE through PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE. to LEFT PULMONARY ARTERY to ARTERIES that carry deoxy blood to lungs.
what vein drains the upper body?
superior vena cava
what vein drains the lower body?
inferior vena cava
the protected layer that surrounds the heart?
pericardium
endocardium?
lines the chambers of the heart
arterioles
branches out form artery and lead to capillaries
venules
small blood vessels that allow deoxygenated blood to return from capillaries to veins
capillary
where exchange of oxygen and nutrients take place as well as carbon dioxide and wastes removed from venous end of capillaries
angina pectoris
chest pain due to poor blood flow.
angiogram
test that uses pictures to see blow flow.
bypass surgery
procedure preformed to relieve angine (chest pain). Arteries or veins from elsewhere in the body are grafted to the arteries to improve blood flow
enzyme-substrate complex
a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. the substrate binds with the enzyme active site and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. the substrate is transformed into one or more products and then released from the active site.
another name for substrate?
reactant and is a molecule at the start of the reaction.
enzyme?
contain the active site where the reaction takes place
product in the complex
the end result of the reaction and is often times the substrate in the next reaction
what is the substrate in the metabolism of alcohol?
alcohol or ethanol
enzyme in the metabolism of alc?
alcohol dehydrogenase
end product in metabolism of alc?
actaldehyde
the pacemaker of the heart?
sinoatrial node in the right atruim.
EKG
electrocardiogram diagnosis of heart abnormality
myocarditis
is inflammation of the heart muscle. symptoms may be similar to the flu.
mitral valve prolapse
a heart problem is which the valve that separates the upper and lower chambers of the left side of the heart does not close properly.
thrombus
stationary clot
embolus
any detached traveling intravascular mass
who discoverd insulin
Dr. Banting
which type of diabete is an autoimmune disease?
type 1
who is at greater risk for brain damage and brain shrinkage due to overconsumption of alcohol and why?
women because it takes them half the amount of years to show signs of these diseases
WKS - wernicke-korsakoff syndrom
paralysis of the nerves in the ears, making it hard to hear
what % of alcoholics with Wernicke's can also develop Korsakoff's psychosis?
80-90%-- forgettful and doesn't understand new info
area of the brain which is responsible for coordination and movement
cerebellum
prolonged liver cirrhosis can lead to what brain disorder?
hepatic encephalopathy
what two toxic substances have a role in hepatic encephalopathy?
ammonia and maganese
new neurons are generated in adulthood. what is this process called?
neurogenesis
what is the first enzyme in the metabolism of alc and what is its product?
alc dehyd and actaldehyde
which cardiovascular disorder is caused by inadequate oxygen to tissue due to insufficient blood flow?
Ischemia
which cause of a stroke makes up approximately 85% of all strokes?
Ischemic (clot)
betablockers
reduce hear rate and pressure
nitroglycerin
dilate the coronary arteries making blood flow easier.
asprin
80mg a day is beneficial as a blood thinning property.
About this deck
By: ceili phalen
Textbook: Human Biology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor with SMARTHINKING, InfoTrac 1-Semester Printed Access Card)
Created: 2012-04-10
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 7
Textbook:
Human Biology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor with SMARTHINKING, InfoTrac 1-Semester Printed Access Card)Created: 2012-04-10
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 7
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj