Test One
Exercise And Sport Science 269 with Graham at University of Kansas
About this deck
By: Lucy Daldorph
Created: 2011-06-12
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 12
Created: 2011-06-12
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 12
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John Floyer
First to describe the increase in heart rate after walking
Steven Hales
First to describe blood pressure
Laviosier
Determined that oxygen is used to burn carbon molecules
John Sinclair
First to document that training improved performance
Dr. George Fritz
Started psyciologic lab and first degree in P.E.
Considered the "father" of exercise psysiology
Lawrence Henderson and David Dill
Prestigious researchers studying exercise in the Harvard Fatigue Lab
Logical Fallacies of Exercise Science
Testimonials, Tenacity (folklore), Knowledge of authority, Rationalistic method
Basic Research
Formulating, evaluating or expanding a theory
Needs to be developed before applied
Applied Research
Attempt to solve practical problems and answers research question
Myostatin
Muscle dog, cow
Qualitative research
non-numeric, attempt to describe "naturally"
Interviews, observations, etc.
Quantitative Research
Numeric (stats), stated questions (rational hypothesis and alternative hypothesis), controlled, defined procedures
Performance and Fitness Levels
Subnormal (diseased)
Normal (average)
Supernormal (elite athlete)
Distinct Body Systems
12 distinct systems
11 responsible for a different use to keep us alive
uniquely separated--and all have unique pathologies/diseases
Nervous System
1 of 2 primary systems
Central NS = brain and spinal cord (relay centers for quick reflexes)
Peripheral System
Sensory and motor
Motor = afferent neurons (towards brain) and Efferent (away from brain)
Efferent Neurons
Somatic--motor neurons
Autonomic--used to regulate body
Autonomic--parasympathetic
used at rest or sleep
Autonomic--sympathetic
Used during exercise, stress, fear
Nervous System Pathologies
Alzheimer's--tangling and buildup of proteins around nerve cells
Epilepsy--seizures, caused by ill acting voltage and ligand gated channels
Muscular System
dependent on Nervous System
Skeletal muscle used to maintain body temperature and move bones
smooth muscle moves blood through vessels, air through lungs
Skeletal Muscle Types
Type 1- Slow contractile speed, fatigue free, high oxygen use
Type 2a- Fast contractile speed, semi fatigue free, can use oxygen well
Type 2b/x- fastest contractile speed, easily fatigued, hardly any oxygen use
Hyperplasia
Increase in muscle fiber size
Hypertrophy
Increase in muscle fiber size, what happens with resistance training
Muscular System diseases
Muscular dystrophy, inclusion body myocitis (inflammation of muscle fibers), Sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass with aging) Rhabdomyolysis (intense breakdown of muscle that stresses system)
Skeletal System
Structure, protection of spine and ribs
Make blood cells
Calcium reserve
Skeletal System diseases
Osteoporisis (middle aged women, eating disorders)
Rickets (Malnutrition usually in kids)
Cardiovascular System
Used to transport: oxygen, nutrients, immune material, hormones, metabolites, waste
Heart, vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries)
Cardiovascular System Diseases
Coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, cardiac myopathy, hyper tension
Pulmonary System
Composed of: airways, muscles, function units
Pulmonary System diseases
Asthma, emphysema, pulmonary disease, high altitude puemonary, cystic fibrosis
Urinary System
Eliminates waste
maintains pH of fluids
Monitors electrolytes (key for regulating osmosis)
composed of kidneys, renel vessels, ureter, urethra, bladder
Kidneys do everything and do regulating
Effected by divretics (caffeine and alcohol)
Urinary System diseases
kidney disease, bladder cancer, urinary tract infection
Digestive System
Digest and absorb macronutrients (carbs, fatty acids, proteins)
Digest and absorb micronutrients and electrolytes (vitamins and minerals)
Digestive System diseases
cancer, ulcers, celiac disease
Endocrine system
release of hormones, controls glands in body, all meant to control homeostasis, reproductive
Endocrine system diseases
Type 1 diabetes, hyper/hypoactive thyroidism, metabolic syndrome
Immune system
protects body from infection, cancerous buildup, general illnesses
two factions: innate immunity (skin, mucus, pH, airflow, etc) and acquired immunity
Immune system disease
HIV AIDS
Exercise psysiology
study of functional and physiologic responses and adaptations that occur during and following physical activity and exercise
enhance performance
devised to maintain homeostasis
Maintain homeostasis
acute responses (increased HR, increase blood glucose)
chronic response (hypertrophy, lowered HR and BP)
Homeostasis maintained or improved by:
Aerobic exercise- with oxygen
anaerobic exercise- without oxygen
Motor Neuron
connect to muscles and originate in spinal cord
Three types: Type one- low threshold, fires first
Type 2a--
Type 2b-- high threshold, fires last
Types of muscle action
Concentric: muscle shortens while generating tension
Eccentric: muscle lengthens while generating tension (isotonic movement: C followed by E movement; moving about a range of motion)
Isometric: muscle length does not change during tension development
Energy
Mechanical Energy- potential and kinetic energy
Chemical Energy
Anabolic- increase in chemical energy
Catabolic- decrease in chemical energy
Heat and entropy
measured in calories or Calories=kcals
Entropy- all energy ends in heat
Energy for muscle contraction
chemical energy MUST be transformed into mechanical energy with process of transduction
4 major energy sources
Glucose, glycogen, Fat (main form of body's energy), Muscle (smallest amount of energy)
Universal Energy Source
ATP is chemical form of energy used by ALL cells
Other energy converted to ATP for cell use
Limited amount stored, constantly need it
Creatine Phosphate
Another source of chemical energy that can replenish supplies of ATP
stored in small amounts within cell
Generated from ATP when energy needs of cell are low (used when energy needs are high for short time periods to regenerate ATP)
Metabolism
Sum total of all energy exchanges both positive and negative that occur in the body
Anabolic
increase in chemical energy--state of growing
Catabolic
decrease in chemical energy--starvation, breaking down
Aerobic
requires oxygen to produce or reproduce energy
Anaerobic
Does not require oxygen to produce or reproduce energy
Energy Systems- Phosphocreatine System
In high energy demand (exercise)--p transfers it's phosphate group to ADP forming ATP. RXN catalyzed by creatine kinase (ADP in presence of creatine p = ATP)
Low energy demand (rest)- Phosphate from an ATP is transferred to creating forming ADP and c. phosphate--Saving/storing to use later
Energy Systems- P. System
Provides ATP for short term, high-intensity activities
Active at the start of exercise regardless of intensity
Relies on reactions of ATP and CP
Energy Systems- Glycosis
Carbs--All carbs CHO are converted into glucose by body
Glycogen--storage form of glucose
chains of glucose polymer (smaller more dense)
Stored in liver and muscle primarily
Glycosis, two pathways
anaerobically- lactate, fast
anaerobically and aerobic- krebs cycle, slow
The Cori Cycle
Energy heavy, lactate to glucose via liver
Overview of net reactions (glucose vs. glycogen)
glucose + 2Pi +2ADP >> 2Lactate + 2ATP +H2O
glycogen + 3Pi +3ADP >> 2Lactate + 3ATP +H2O
PFK
-2 ATP in beginning, generate NaBH (3 ATP) in final steps generate 4ATP, so... one glucose = 2ATP
Oxidative system- Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) and ETC
uses CHO, Fat, and amino acids to regenerate ATP
Complex series of biochemical reactions
Need oxygen
Slow, but LARGE ATP production
Krebs, Citric Acid Cycle make...
Will directly make 3 NADH = 9 ATP
Makes one ATP
Makes FADH2 = 2 ATP
In total, one cycle is 12 ATP
Beta Oxidation
fat is composed of glycerol and Fatty acids
fatty acid is broken into two carbon pieces (releases NADH, FADH and acetyl CoA)
Beta Oxidation- Limited amount of ATP
Cells can only store a small, set amount
Only during extremely prolonged high intensity activity do muscle cells show decreased levels of ATP
Must have 60% ATP at all times
Steps for Muscle Contraction 1-3
1. Action Potential reaches Neuro Muscular Junction
2. Releases of Acido Choline (ACH)
3. Binds to receptor (rACH) on end motor plate
Steps for Muscle Contraction 4-6
4. Sodium enters fiber (muscle cell)
5. Action Potential gets propagated across sarcolema
6. AP travels down t-tubule
Steps for Muscle Contraction 7-9
7. Opens DHP channel (calcium comes in)
8. Ryanodine allowing calcium out of sarco repticulum
9. Ca2+ vinds to troponin
Steps for muscle contraction 10-11
10. Shift of tropomyosin
11. Allows space on actin for sliding filament theory
Sliding filament theory
actin barely touching myosin--slide together for muscle contraction--z disks are pushed together = shortened muscle
Sports Medicine primary responsibility
Reduce risk of injury in competition and how to reduce it
Rehab following injury
Cladius Galen
first athletic trainer, wrote about medicine and use of gym to recover from sickness and injury
Nicholas Andry
"Orthpaedia"
medicine to prevent deformities
Dr. James Andrew, Dr. Frank Jobe, Dr. Jack Hughston
1. joint specialist
2. ligament replacement
3. knee surgeries
primary responsibility for Athletic trainer
prevent athletic injury with pre-participation physical, aware of physical environment risks, know equiptment
Athletic training--REA
Recognize
Evaluation
Assessment
Athletic trainer: Primary Survey ABC
Airway, breathing, circulation
Athletic trainer: Secondary Survey
to decide course of action
injury history, body language, changes in skin and size/shape of structures, etc.
Record Keeping--SOAP
Subjective information
Objective information
Assessment (professional)
Plan
Concussions
most common = "diffuse brain injury"
acceleration then deceleration causes brain to be shaken inside of skull
Sprain, strain, fracture
Manipulation of ligaments
tendon, muscle
ligament in tact, but pulls off part of bone
Leach's Classification Scale
Grade one- minimal loss of function, mild swelling, local tenderness
Grade II- difficulty with weight bearing, moderate swelling, diffuse tenderness
Grade III- Most severe ankle sprain, functional disability, sever swelling, bruising, etc.
Bursa Sac
Fluid filled sacs located near joints/bony protrusions
Injury prevention
strength development, flexibility, PNF
Phase one of PNF- warm up
two--begin workout to elevate body temp
three--begin PNF
Kinetic chain
overcoming injury by moving it to a different joing
Inappropriate exercise
straight-leg sit up
back hyperextension
toe touches
hurdler's stretch
Injury care--non-life threatening, cryotherapy
ICE--ice, compression, elevation
calorie
heat required to raise 1g of water to 1 degree C
About this deck
By: Lucy Daldorph
Created: 2011-06-12
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 12
Created: 2011-06-12
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 12
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy