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Geology 106 with Yancey at Texas A&M University

About this deck

By: cameron chaney
Textbook:

Evolution of the Earth
Created: 2010-02-26
Size: 115 flashcards
Views: 54

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fossils of floating organisms such as forams and grapolites are more

widely distributed in ocean basins

fossils with mineralized hard parts appear in large numbers about _____

545 my

the soft parts of an organism may be preserved by the following process

permineralization

which of the following is a trace fossil

dinosaur footprint

trace fossils are not

bones

the diversity and abundance of trace fossils ___ during the latest proterozoic

increased

the first good evidence of oranisms with eukaryote type cells is found in deposits of the:

gunflint chert of lake superior

the oldest known fossil eukaryotes corresponds in age with the

deposition of BIFs(banded iron formations)

oldest known occurrence of fossils eukaryote type cells is about ____million yars old

1900

the evolution from prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells occurred more than ____million years ago

2000

with few exceptions, eukaryotes differ from most forms of prokaryotes, including modern bacteria, in being:

aerobic(dependent on the presence of oxygen

eukaryotes have

membrane bound nucleus and organelles

eukaryotes can

reproduce sexually

the diversification of eukaryotes that occurred in the late proterozoic was paralleled by

increasing atmospheric oxygen levels

first multicellular animals to appear in the late precambrian were probably

sponges

simplest type of multicellular animals

sponges

first metazoans to get muscles

trilobites

metazoans are

multicellular organisms

body fosils of metazoans appear in the fossil record about ____ago

545 my (base of cambrian)

fossils of multicellular plants (of algae) appear:

roughly same as multi cell animals

trace fossils of metazoans appear

545 my

the best record of precambrian metazoans is found in the

ediacara biota of south australia

an advantage of multicellular body organization is

they live longer

multicelular animals ____ free oxygen

require the presence of at least a few precent of

ediacaran fossils are found in strata deposited during a short interval of the lat proterozoic, spanning about ___million years

the best record of precambrian metazoans is found in the

ediacara biota of south australia

the latest precambrian ediacara biota is dominated by

jellyfish and seapens(cnidarians)

the ediacara biota contains the earliest known example of

metazoan body fossils

the latest precambrian ediacara biota is famous for the occurrence of

primitive metazoans

the majority of round ediacara fossils, marked with concentric and or radial lines are now known to be

holdfasts of seapen colonies

the earliest invertebrate fossils can best be characterized as

relatively simple and lacking hard parts

most fossils of the ediacara biota are preserved as

body impressions in sandstone

soft bodied ediacaran organisms were preserved as fossils by

replacement of body tissue by minerals

one remakable feature about the fossils of organisms belonging to the ediacara biota in australia is

that soft bodied animals were preserved as molds in coarse sediment, including sandstone

the ediacara biota occurs in a geologic time interval spanning the time between the earliest appearance of

invertebrate metazoans and ending with the earliest appearance of vertebrate animals

vendozoan animals of the ediacaran biota are hypothesized to have a

flattened body plan and high surface to volume ratio

the hypothesized vendozoan animals may have had a ____body plan

chambered

in the original concept of vendozoa, for fossils of the ediacara biota, vendozoan animals were thought to

be unrelated to modern taxa despite some superficial similarities in form

the hypothesized vendozoan animals of the ediacara biota

have a very flattened body form

organisms with the hypothesized vendozoan body plan occur primarily in the

latest proterozoic ediacara biota

the vendozoan hypothesis, of a latest precambrian biota dominated by animals with a unique body plan is

unlikely, as supposed evidence is discredited

proposing an unusual concept like the vendozoan hypothesis for ediacaran animals is

a normal part of scientific work, where varied ideas are accepted until tested against observation

within the framework of scientific methodology, a concept like the vendozoan hypothesis

is reasonable because in science all ideas are evaluated and tested

the phyletic relationships of organisms is shown by similarities in

biochemistry, body plan, genetic composition, shared groups of characters

phyla of organisms with complex body organs

contain many species and a high level of diversity

the phyla echinodermata, hemichordata and chordata are

more closely related to each other than to any other phylum or group of phyla

the phylum porifera is

distantly related to all other phyla and forms a major lineage by itself

the greatest diversity of species occurs in the phyla

porifera and chordata

among invertebrate phyla, the ____ are most closely related to the chordates( with vertebrates)

echinodermata

the term phylogeny relates to the

evolutionary history of species and taxa

the theory of common descent, stating that all organisms on earth share a common ancestry is:

a major theory in the study of evolutionary change among organisms

darwins theory that natural selection is the driving force of evolution states that

the environment acts on genetic variants within a population to select those best able to survive and to produce fertile offspring

the process of natural selection operates on populations because

most individuals do not survive to reproductive maturity

the identification of a driving force promoting evolutionary change was provided by

darwins theory of natural selection

natural selection is a _____ process for producing change in populations

relatively inefficient

after natural selection has operated on a population, ther is _____among individuals in a population

increased variation

the breakup of pangaea set the stage for evolution to go in the direction of

many varied species

clams are ____ organisms

benthic

grapolites are ____organisms

planktic

sharks are

nektic

organisms with a life habit that involves living on or in a sediment surface are part of the

benthos

organisms that utilize materials in the environment plus energy(such as sunlight) to produce their own food are called

autotrophs

organisms that utilize materials in the enviroment are

autotrophs

organisms that consume autotrophs are

heterotrophs

organisms that obtain food by filtering water currents for suspended food particles are

suspension feeders

organisms that obtain food and energy by housing microalgal symbionts in their tissue are called

chemoautotrophs

trilobite first appeared

near the base of the cambrian

trilobites :

lacked pinchers and claws, but used spiny appendages to catch prey animals

ammonites cephalopods were

predators

the history of ammonites is once of

rapid evolutionary radiation and repeated near extinctions

graptolites were

colonial and of very small size

graptolites, early paleozoic hemichordates commonly found as fossils lived:

as floaters in the open ocean

conodonts, tooth like remains of non vertebrate chordates

are used extensively to determine the age of strata containing them

fossils of conodonts animals show v shaped muscle segments, shows relation to

non-tetrapod chordates

oldest known fossils are

3500 million years old

the first record of photosynthesizing organisms is found in the

impressions of fossil trees

evidence of fossil microorganisms dating back to 3.5 billion has been found in the

warrawoona sedimentary sequence of north pole dome, western australia

the oldest known fossil eukaryotes corresponds in age with the

outpouring of archean ultramafic lavas onto the crust

photosynthesis:

appeared early in the history of organic evolution

the total loss of earths original atmosphere can be demonstrated by

the very low abundance of some heavy noble gases in the current atmosphere

the early precambrian atmosphere of earth was probably composed of

CO2 and N2

the process of degassing led to the accumulation of gases derived from the ______of the earth

mantle

the early precambrian atmosphere:

lacked free oxygen

the major source of volatiles and gases released into the earths atmosphere in the early precambrian is

volcanoses

the free oxygen present in earths atmosphere accumulated mostly from

photosynthesis of plants

the increase in atmospheric oxygen during the proterozoic was related to

end of BIF deposition in the oceans as dissolved iron is depleted

the atmosphere of the earth lacked noticeable amounts of free oxygen until the

proterozoic

the anoxic character of the earths atmosphere during the early precambrian (archean) is indicated by the presence of

detrital occurrences of the chemically reactive minerals pyrite and uraninite

the ozone layer in the earths upper atmosphere probably formed

when free oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere

the deposition of BIFs is associated with

release of free oxygen produced as a waste product of photosynthesis

Banded iron formations formed

in ocean and lake waters

large amounts of iron and silica could remain dissolved in early precambrian ocean waters, because the oceans were _____ than modern ocean waters

more acidic

most BIFs were deposited about

2.2-1.7 bya (middle precambrian)

the oxygen required to produce the iron oxides that comprise the BIFs of the proterozoic gunflint formation probably originated from

photosynthesizing cyanobacteria

the end of BIFs deposition is associated with the proliferation of

eukaryotes

the major mechanism for removing CO2 from the atmosphere over time is

weathering of continental rocks

the highest level of diversity of earths biota occurred in the

modern biota

the organisms which construct large reef buildups have

changed gradually through the paleozoic and mesozoic

reefs dominated by calcareous algae and scleractinian corals are most common during the

carboniferous permian

modern type reefs containing a reef community dominated by scleractinian corals and calcareous algae along with a high diversity of other shelly taxa, first appear in the

triassic

the first group of large organisms to widely colonize the terrestrial environment was the

vascular plants

what problems had to be overcome by plants to make the successful transition from water to land

desiccation, gravity, movement of fluids through stems and branches

animals colonized the land environment when

food resources, in the form of land plants, appeared

with the appearance of forests in the mid paleozoic major evolutionary development occurred among the

arthropods and tetrapod vertebrates

the vascular system of plants consists of

internal tubelike structures that transport water and nutrients

seedless vascular plants live in moist habitats because they

need water to fertilize egg cels and reproduce

the great innovation in design that enabled vascular plants to reproduce in dry land environments as well as wet environments is the production of

seeds

the earliest vascular land plants were

seedless and rhizome-bearing

the types of plants that dominated devonian and carboniferous land floras were

seedless plants

the evolution of seed in land plants was an important step in plant evolutions because seeds

were durable and allowed colonization of dry environments

flowering plants first appeared during the

cretaceous

an important function of the flower in the flowering plant is to

attract animal pollinators

the two important factors in the reproductive style of angiosperms that led to their success were the evolution of

flowers and enclosed seeds

About this deck

By: cameron chaney
Textbook:

Evolution of the Earth
Created: 2010-02-26
Size: 115 flashcards
Views: 54

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj