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Geography 210 with Splinter at University of Wisconsin - Whitewater
About this deck
By: Lauren Bothwell
Textbook:
Introducing Physical Geography
Created: 2010-04-13
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 51
Textbook:
Introducing Physical GeographyCreated: 2010-04-13
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 51
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Minerals
An inorganic natural compound having a specific chemical formula and possessing a crystalline structure
Mineral Checklist
?Inorganic
?Nonliving
?Naturally occurring
?Geologic/natural processes
?Solid
?Defined chemical formula
?Example: Galena = PbS
?Crystalline structure
?Repetitive and orderly arrangement of atoms
minerals--unique characteristics
?Hardness
?Color
?Cleavage
?Planes
?Density
?Luster
?Metallic, nonmetallic
?And many more
?8 elements make up
the majority of these
minerals, and 99% of
the earth?s crust
Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium,
?Mineral families
?Silicates
?Silicon + oxygen (+ other)
?Most abundant group
?Quartz
?Feldspars
?Clay minerals
?Amphiboles
?Pyroxenes
?Micas (muscovite, biotite)
?Mineral families
?Oxides
?Oxygen + metallic elements
?Hematite Fe2O3
?Magnetite Fe3O4
?Mineral families
?Sulfides
?Sulfur + metallic elements
?Galena
?Pyrite
?Most have metallic luster
?Opaque
?Includes many metal ores
?Mineral families
?Carbonates
?Carbon + oxygen (+ others)
?Calcite CaCO3
?Dolomite CaMg(CO3 )2
?Calcite is dominant mineral in limestone
?Dolomite is dominant mineral in dolostone
?Both react with HCl (hydrochloric acid)
?Mineral families
?Sulfates
?Sulfur present as sulfate ion
?Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O)
?Evaporite mineral
»Can form when seawater evaporates
»Common in plaster, drywall
Rocks
An assemblage of minerals bound together OR a mass of a single material, undifferentiated material, solid organic material
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
?Igneous
?melted
?Sedimentary
?Settled out
?Metamorphic
?altered
Magma rocks form....
?Rocks that form beneath the
surface are intrusive
igneous rock
Lava rocks form...
?Rocks that form above the
surface are extrusive
igneous rockIgneous rocks: Texture
?The rate of cooling determines grain size
?Extrusive
?Cool quickly
?Smaller crystals/grains
?Intrusive
?Cool slowly
?Larger crystals/grains
Felsic Igneous rock
?Felsic
?Feldspar, silica
?High in silica, aluminum, potassium, and sodium
?Low melting point
?Lighter color
?Less dense
Mafic Igneous rock
?Magnesium, ferric
?Low in silica, high in magnesium and iron
?High melting points
?Darker color
?More dense
Igneous rocks...unique characteristics
Vesicular: escaping gas
Volcanic glass: extremely
rapid cooling rate
Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks formed from the weathered products of pre-existing rocks that have been transported, deposited, and lithified
?Weathering (dissolving, disintegration) forms sediments
?Transportation from original location, deposited
?Lithification: the compaction, cementation, and hardening of sediments
Sedimentary rock types
?Clastic
Composed of clastic material produced by weathering, transport, and deposition sediments
?Chemical
Composed of dissolved minerals (ex. CaCO3) that are transported in solution and
precipitate out
Sedimentary rocks: Clastic
?Common minerals
?Quartz
?Very resistant and durable
?Clays
?Produced by the chemical
weathering of silicate group
Sedimentary rocks: Clastic
?Sediment size
?Provides clues to depositional environment
?Larger sediments take more energy to move
?Gravel can be transported by landslides, high velocity rivers
?Sand can be transported by waves, rivers, even wind
?Silts can be transported by slow moving water, wind
?Clay needs still water to settle out
limestone
?Limestone
?Inorganic or organic
?CaCO3
?Strong reaction with
hydrochloric acid
?Most common chemical
sedimentary rock
dolostone
?Dolostone
?Very similar to limestone
?CaMg(CO3)2
Reacts weakly with hydrochloric acid
coal
?Coal
?Forms from plant material compacted over time
?3 types: lignite, bituminous, anthracite
?Lignite, bituminous are sed. rocks
Anthracite is metamorphic
Evaporites
?Evaporites
?Chemical sediments from inorganic sources are deposited when water evaporates and leaves behind a residue of salts
?Rock salt, rock gypsum
?Often appear as large flat deposits in a dry landscapes
Metamorphic rock def.
A pre-existing rock that has undergone profound physical and chemical changes under increased temperature and pressure
?Pre-existing rock = parent rock
Shale + pressure, temperature = slate, schist
Metamorphic rock...
?Additional pressure, higher temperatures cause a change of texture, composition of parent rock
?Tend to be more compact
?More resistant to weathering
Harder
Metamorphic rock grades
?Low-grade
?Least intensely
metamorphosed
?Contain minerals stable under
lower temps and pressure
?High-grade
?Most intensely
metamorphosed
?Contain minerals stable under
higher temps and pressure
Metamorphic Rocks: Metamorphism
?Recrystallization of existing minerals
?May form larger crystals
?Development of new minerals
?Possible disappearance of old minerals
?Deformation and reorientation of existing mineral crystals
Metamorphic Rock Causes
?Heat
?Provides energy for chemical reactions to occur causing recrystallization
?Increases with depth
?Heat from igneous intrusions
can also cause metamorphism
More Metamorphic Rock Causes
?Pressure
?Lithostatic pressure
?Pressure equal from all directions
?Creates a rock with greater density
?Spaces between minerals minimized
?Directed pressure
?Pressure that is greater in one direction
?Creates folded or flattened rocks
Earth is made up of large slabs of crust...how many?
?Lithospheric or tectonic plates
?7 major plates
?Crustal Formation
?Craton- ?Continental nucleus?
?Shields are locations that the craton is exposed
?Crustal Formation
?Expansion occurs by:
?Terrane accretion
?Accumulation of sedimentary rocks
?Especially apparent around the Pacific
Divergent
?Plates rift, spread
?Adds new crust
?Most common
sea floor
spreading
Divergent boundries
?Mid-Ocean Ridges
?Longest topographic
feature on Earth
?Upwelling magma
?Crust
creation
Age of seafloor rocks
Age of sea floor rocks increases in symmetric pattern away from spreading centers and mid-ocean ridges.
Convergent
?Plates collide
?Subduction occurs
?Lithosphere is consumed
Convergent Boundries
?Oceanic-Continental
?Denser oceanic plate subducts
?Partial melting occurs
~100km depth
?Magma rises to
surface
Convergent Boundries Oceanic-Continental
?Oceanic-Continental
?Subduction of oceanic crust
produces continental
volcanic arcs
?Cascade Mountains
?Andes Mountains
Convergent Boundries Oceanic-Oceanic
?Oceanic-Oceanic
?Similar to
continental-oceanic
?Partial melting
?Produces volcanic
island arc
Convergent Boundries Continental-Continental
?Continental-Continental
?Both plates are bouyant
?Minimal/no
subduction
?Crust buckles and
rises or moves
sideways
orogensis. def.
?
?Orogenesis: mountain building
(Himalayas)
Transform boundries
?Lateral movement
?Common at right angles to
divergent boundaries
along mid-ocean ridges
?Few on land
most famous transform boundry
san andres fault, california
Plate tectonics...processes include
?Processes include
?Lithospheric plate movement
?Upwelling of magma
?Sea floor spreading
Plate subduction
?Earthquakes
?Volcanic activity
?Lithospheric deformation
Hot Spots
?Hot spots
A fixed point of upwelling magma
?Stationary mantle plume
?Lithospheric plates move over
?Can create a string of volcanic islands
Hawaiian hot spots
?Hawaiian Islands
chain
?Stationary plume
?Pacific plate shifts
?Youngest islands
are closest to the
active plume near
Hawai?i
?Older seamounts
further away
Volcanic Activity
?Three main locations
1.Along subduction boundaries
?Convergent boundaries
?Continental-oceanic, oceanic-oceanic
2.Along sea floor spreading centers
?Divergent boundaries
?Oceanic and continental
3.At hot spots
Earthquakes
A release of energy at the rupture along a fault
?Plates do not glide past one another
?Stress creates strain
?Builds until friction is overcome
?Release of enormous amounts of energy
Earthquake Tectonics
?Common along convergent boundaries
?Plate subduction
causes friction
?Helped plot plate
boundaries
State Mineral
State Mineral: Galena (Lead sulphide)
State Rock
State Rock: Red Granite Chosen for its economic importance in the state in 1971, the speckled igneous rock is composed of quartz and feldspar.
Wisconsin Dome
WI Dome is highest in center of state and rocks dip away to east and west
Cuestas
Cuestas form from erosion of the gently dipping bedrock
Cuestas have a steep slope, where the rock layers are exposed on their edges, called an escarpment or, if more steep, a cliff. Usually an erosion-resistant rock layer also has a more gentle slope on the other side of the ridge called a dip slope. The steeper slopes face inside anticlinals and outside eroded sinclinals.
The process by which rocks disintegrate, or dissolve, or are broken down
?Physical
?Frost action, crystallization, pressure release jointing
?Chemical
?Hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation, solution,
?Does NOT include transport
?Creates regolith
Partially weathered rock material overlying the bedrock
?Influences on weathering
?Joints
Fractures or separations
in a rock
?Increases surface area
?Climate
?Physical weathering common in drier, cooler regions
?Chemical weathering common in wetter, warmer regions
?Slope orientation
?Slope facing away from sun will be cooler, moister, more vegetated
?Vegetation
?May serve as protective cover and stabilize soil
?Release of acids
?Roots enter crevasses
?Time
physical weathering
?Breakdown of a rock with NO chemical alteration
?Produces more surface area
Frost Action
?Frost Action
?Water expands up to 9% when frozen
?Creates tension to break apart rocks
?Repetition of expanding and contracting
?Common in higher latitudes and altitudes
Freeze/thaw frees rocks, accumulates as a talus slope
Crystalization
?Crystallization
?Salt crystals form, enlarge and create force
?Breaks apart rocks grain by grain
?Common in arid climates
Physical weathering
?Pressure release jointing
?As overlying material is removed, pressure lessens
?Layers of rock ?peel? off
Hydrolisys
?Hydrolysis
?Minerals chemically combine with
water- causes silicate minerals in
rocks to break down
?Produces clays, silica
?Granular disintegration takes place first
Weaker minerals break down,
disrupting interlocking networks
?Then spheroidal weathering
Sharp edges/ corners become rounded
Oxidation
?Oxidation
?Metallic elements combine with oxygen to form oxides
??Rusting? of rocks and soils
?Can make rocks more
susceptible to further
weathering
Chemical Weathering-Solution
?Solution
?Minerals dissolve completely
?Produces dissolved compounds
?Commonly breaks
down limestones,
salts, even marble
Biochemical weathering
?Biochemical weathering
?Some organisms release chemicals that degrade rock surfaces
?Lichens
?Excrete acid
?Extract nutrients
?Chemically
degrade surface
Karst Landscape
A landscape (typically appears bumpy or pitted) formed by the dissolution of limestone
About this deck
By: Lauren Bothwell
Textbook: Introducing Physical Geography
Created: 2010-04-13
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 51
Textbook:
Introducing Physical GeographyCreated: 2010-04-13
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 51
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj