Textbook: 347-358

StudyBlue printing of Textbook: 347-358 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Wow I actually read it. How a Bill Becomes Law the bills that will cost the government a lot of money or that must take many opinions into account move more slowly through the law-making process. Introducing a Bill any Congressman can introduce a bill (in either house) public bill : a legislative bill that deals with matters of great concern; pertaining to public affairs generally) private bill : a legislative bill that deals only with specific, private, personal, or local matters; pertaining to a particular individual, such as a person pressing a financial claim against the government or seeking special permission to become a naturalized citizen. now most matters like this are handled in administrative agencies or courts. if a bill is not passed by both houses by the end of one Congress (every 2 years), it is dead and must be reintroduced. the president himself cannot introduce a bill, but he can get a congressman to introduce it for him simple resolution : an expression of opinion in either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters in either body ; used for matters such as establishing the rules under which each body will operate concurrent resolution : an expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and the Senate, but not the president ; settles housekeeping and procedural matters that affect both houses joint resolution : a formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of Congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president (a joint resulotion proposes a constitutional amendment) Study by Committees a bill is referred to committee by either the Speaker of the House, or the presiding officer of the Senate. there is some option as to where the bill can be referred to; one committee may "kill" the bill when another committee may have not. this power to refer therefore gives power to the Speaker/presiding Senate member most bills die in committee. many bills are only proposed for show bills of general interest are first assigned to a subcommittee for a hearing multiple referral : a congressional process whereby a bill may be referred to several committees multiple referrals are used when a bill has many sides to be considered/the issue is very complex. they may become very lengthy if the bill is editted by each committee separately, for all the committees must then gather and create one version of the bill sequential referral : a congressional process by which a Speaker may send a bill to a second committee after the first is finished acting a positive when the multiple referral process could take too long discharge petition : a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had the bill for thirty days, may petitition to have it brought to the floor to bring a bill before either house, it must be put on a calendar: House Calendars Union Calendar: Bills to raise revenue or spend money House Calendar: Nonmoney bills of major importance Private Calendar: Private bills Consent Calendar: Noncontroversial bills Discharge Calendar: Discharge petittions Senate Calendars Executive Calendar: Presidential nominations, proposed treaties Calendar of Business: All legislation closed rule : an order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor open rule : an order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor restrictive rule : an order from the House Rules Committees that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made into a bill on the floor 3 ways of bypassing Rules Committee in the House: two-thirds vote to suspend the rules a discharge petition "Calendar Wednesday": any committee can bring up for action a bill of its own already on the calendar. action must be completed that day or the bill goes back to committee. the Senate doesnt have as many obstacles because the process of getting bills to the floor is more complicated Floor Debate - The House quorum : the minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress; 100 members to compose the Committee of the Whole, 218 members for the House itself (majority) the Committee of the Whole debates, amends, shapes the bill. but they technically cannot pass it quorum call : a roll call in either house of Congress to see whether the minimum number of representatives required to conduct business is present Floor Debate - The Senate things are more casual than in the House- there are less regulations amendments need not pertain to the purpose of the bill, so more riders (provision added to a piece of legislation that is not germane to the bill's purpose) are attached to bills cloture rule : a rule used by the Senate to end or limit debate ; requires that 16 senators sign a petition to move cloture and 3/5 of Senate must approve. if passed, total debate cannot exceed 100 hours. cloture is used to break a Senate filibuster (both are becoming more common) double-tracking : a procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business no party can control the Senate unless they have 60 votes, which hasn't happenned since 1979 Methods of Voting voice vote : a congressional voting procedure in which members shout "yea" in approval or "nay" in disapproval, permitting members to vote quickly or anonymously on bills division vote : a congressional voting procedure in which members stand and are counted teller vote : a congressional voting procedure in which members pass between two tellers, the "yeas" first and the "nays" second roll-call vote : a congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering "yea" or "nay" to their names voice and division votes do not record which senators voted which way (teller and roll-call votes do). there are no teller votes in the Senate Reducing Power and Perks many citizens believe that Congress is reluctant to pass laws that affect their own members; they believe Congress is "overstaffed and self-indulgent" pork-barrel legislation : legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return pork benefits the voters in a member's district- it's not all bad, and it's necessary if the country wants a citizen-oriented Congress franking privilege : the ability of members to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature for postage ; usually used as a campaign tool Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 created the Office of Compliance so that they would not have to obey laws controlled by the executive branch (to maintain separation of powers), but they now have to obey laws like the Civil Rights Act, the Equal Pay Act, the Age Discrimination Act, and the Family and Medical Care Leave Act