THE HEART

Zoology 2403 with Zhi Pan at Texas Tech University

About this deck

By: Stefanie Landeck
Textbook:

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology with IP 10-System suite (8th Edition)

Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
Created: 2010-04-30
Size: 65 flashcards
Views: 116

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What does the systemic circuit do?

carries blood between he heart and the body

What does the pulmonary circuit control?

carries blood between the heart and lungs

Where is the heart located?

deep to the sternum and slightly to the left

Where are the great veins and arteries located?

at the heart's base

What is the pointed tip to the left/bottom called?

the apex

What is the heart surrounded by?

the pericardial sac

What does the pericardial sac do?

prevents friction between the heart and surrounding structures as it moves with each beat

Veins

carry low O₂blood back to the heart

Arteries

carry O₂ rich blood away from the heart

What are the chambers of the heart?

right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

What does the right atrium do?

collects low O₂blood from the body via the superior & inferior vena cava

What does the right ventricle do?

pumps low O₂ blood to the lungs via the right and left pulmonary ARTERIES

What does the left Atrium do?

collects high O₂ blood from right and left pulmonary VEINS

What does the left ventricle do?

pumps high O₂ blood to the body via the aorta

What are the differences between the left and right ventricles?

the left ventricle is larger with thicker more powerful muscle even though both ventricles hold the same volume

The aorta gives rise to

the left and right coronary artery

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

anterior interventricular artery
circumflex artery

What does the left coronary artery do?

supplies the anterior and left regions of the heart with high O₂ blood

What does the right coronary artery branch into?

posterior interventricular artery
marginal artery

What does the right coronary artery do?

supplies high O₂blood to the posterior and right regions of the heart

Low O₂ blood returns to the __ via the __

right atrium via the coronary sinus

Where does the coronary sinus recieve blood from'?

great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein

Where are the atrioventricular valves located?

between the artia and the ventricles

The right AV valve is a

tricuspid valve

The left AV valve is a

bicuspid valve

What do the AV valves do?

allow blood to flow from the atria to its ventricle
close when the ventricle contracts preventing backflow

Free edges of the AV valves attatch via ___ to ___

chordae tendinae; to papillary muscles

What are papillary muscles?

extensions of the trabeculae carnae which are bumpy ridges of cardiac muscle in the ventricles

What are pectinate muscles?

bumpy ridges of cardiac muscle in the atria

What do papillary muscles do?

contract when ventricles contract to prevent valves from prolapsing (backflow of blodd into atria)

How many cusps do semilunar valves have?

3 cusps

What are the two types of semilunar valves?

pulmonic semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve

Where is the pulmonic semilunar valve located?

between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

between the left ventricle and the aorta

semilunar valves ___ when ventricles contract and ___ when ventricles relax

open; close

What is the fibrous skeleton?

bands of connective tissue around the heart valves

Functions of the fibrous skeleton

attatchment site for valves and cardiac muscle cells
electrical insulation between ventricular and atrial muscle cells

What are the types of cardiac cells?

conducting stem cells
contractile cells

What are conducting stem cells?

system of specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate action potentials at regular intervals

What are contractile cells?

cells that contact to pump the blood
make up 99% of cardiac cells

What are the components of the conducting system?

sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node
conducting cells

What do conducting cells do?

carry action potentials through the chambers

Action potentials are carried by ___ through the atrium.

internodal branches

Action potentials are carried by ___ through the ventricals

AV bundle and purkinje fibers

1st step of Impulse Conduction

pacemaker cells in the SA node initiate action potentials spontaneously and fast

2nd step of Impulse Conduction

stimulus spreads to the AV node via the internodal branches in the atrial myocardium where right ventricle meets right atrium

What happens between 2nd and 3rd step of impulse conduction?

The atria contracts and blood flows from the atria to the ventricle

3rd step of Impulse Conduction

the stimulus travels from the AV node through the fibrous skeleton via the AV bundle to the apex

4th step of Impulse Conduction

at the apex the stimulus is carried to the purkinje fibers which then transfer the impulse to contractile muscle cells

5th step of Impulse Conduction

ventricles contract beginning at the apex sending blood from left ventricle to the aorta to the body and from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk to the lungs

What does Autonomic innervation influence?

the rate and force of contraction

How does autonomic innervation influence heart rate?

it innervates the SA node

____ stimulation reduces heart rate

parasympathetic stimulation

___ stimulation increases heart rate

sympathetic stimulation

How does autonomic innervation influence the force of contraction?

innervates contractile cardiac muscle cells

____ stimulation decreases force

parasympathetic

___ stimulation increases force

sympathetic

The right atrium receives blood from the

A.vena cavae

B.left atrium

C.right ventricle

D. left ventricle

E. pulmonary veins

A. vena cava

The left ventricle receives blood through the

A.tricuspid valve

B.pulmonary semilunar valve

C.bicuspid valve

D.aortic semilunar valve

E.coronary sinus

C. bicuspid

The left coronary artery supplies blood to the_____ region(s) of the heart

A.left

B.right

C.anterior

D.A and C are correct

E.B and C are correct

D. left and anterior

Low oxygen blood travels through the

A.vena cavae

B.pulmonary arteries

C.aorta

D.pulmonary veins

E.both a and b are correct

E. both A & B

The muscles that keep the AV valves from prolapsing are the

A.trabeculae carneae

B.pectinate muscles

C.papillary muscles

D.chordae tendineae

E.fibrous skeleton

C. papillary muscles

The pacemaker cells of the heart are in the

A.AV bundle

B.SA node

C.AV node

D.Purkinje fibers

E.Papillary muscles

B. SA node

Ventricular muscle contraction begins at the

A.apex of the heart

B.base of the heart

C.AV node

D.AV valves

E.SA node

A. apex

The sympathetic nervous system affects

A.the rate of contraction

B.the force of contraction

C.the contractile muscle cells

D. the SA node

E. all of the above are correct

E. All the Above