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- The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century
The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century
AP English, Language, & Literature with Reiss at Lutheran High School South
About this deck
By: Jessie Reed
Created: 2011-11-16
Size: 105 flashcards
Views: 8
Created: 2011-11-16
Size: 105 flashcards
Views: 8
About StudyBlue
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Name the seven groups in English society.
The Great
The Rich
The Middle Sort
The Working Trades
The Country People
The Poor
The Miserable
Who defined the 7 groups of English society?
Daniel Defoe
"I would have been glad to have lived under my woodside, and to have kept a flock of sheep, rather than to have undertaken this government."
Oliver Cromwell to Parliament, 1658
When and where was the Declaration of Independence published?
July 4, 1776, Philadelphia
"Nothing of importance happened today."
King George III, July 4, 1776
What did immigrants from Europe seek in America?
Freedom from religious and political persecution
Business opportunity - furs, tobacco, logs for British ships
What did Europeans do to solve the lack of labor problem?
Transported Africans for use as slave labor
What had occured in Englad in the 1600s?
Civil war, plague, London fire (2/3 made homeless)
What part of society prospered in the 1750s?
Middle class
What areas were improved in this time?
Philosophy, art, literature
What are four alternate labels for this time period in England?
The Augustan Age
The Neoclassical period
The Enlightenment
The Age of Reason
What time was this period similar to?
Ancient rome under the reign of Octavian
What was Octavian's emperor name?
Augustus - the exalted one
What did Augustus do?
Restored peace and order to Rome after Julius Caesar's assassination
Who else restored peace and order, after the civil wars?
The Stuart monarchs
What did the civil wars lead up to?
The execution of King Charles I in 1649
What did the people of Rome and England have in common?
Weary of war
Suspicious of revolutionaries and radicals
Ready to settle down, make money, and enjoy life
What happened in 1660?
Charles I's son was brought back from exile in France and crowned King Charles II
They dug up the corpse of Oliver Cromwell and cut off his head
What did english writers model their writings after?
Latin classics
What were these writings called?
Neoclassical - new classical
Why were the classics valuable?
They represented what was permanent and universal in human experience
What did the "Age of Reason" and "Enlightenment" signify?
People's gradually changing view of themselves and the world
How did Shakespeare describe the events before Julius Caesar's assassination?
"a tempest dropping fire"
"blue lightning"
What are these unnatural events, according to the play?
"instruments of fear and warning"
What unusual events had meaning?
Earthquakes, comets, malformed babies
What kinds of meanings did these events have?
Punishment for past misdoings
Warning of future troubles
What did people ask pre-Enlightenment after the occurence of an unusual event?
Why did it take place, and what does it mean?
What kinds of questions did people of the Enlightenment ask?
How?
Workings of human body
Laws of the universe
Which people were "more equal" than others?
The wealthy - "quality" or "polite" society
Who were the English influenced by, and how?
The French: manners, dress, furniture, gardens, recreation
Where did the elite gather?
coffeehouses (3000) - centers of news, gossip, and gampling
Also formal gardens - groves, dining, and fireworks
Describe men's fashion.
Snuff-boxes, velvet or satin coats, lace ruffles, silk knee breeches, high-heeled shoes with gold or silver buckles, broad-brimmed hats decorated with feathers
Pigtails tied with bows and powdered
Describe women's fashion
Low-cut silk dresses with hoops made from whalebones
Petticoats of silk, velvet, chintz, often quilted or trimmed with silver
Huge powdered horsehair-stuffed headdresses - 2-3 feet in height
What decorated the headdresses?
Jewels, flowers, ribbons, plumage, fruit
What was created in 1795 to generate income?
A guinea tax on every powdered head
What were cosmetics made of?
Borax, vinegar, bread, eggs, and pigeon wings
What were black patches?
fake beauty marks
Where did the wealthy divide their year?
London, country estates, health resorts
What was teh London season?
Masked balls, dances, formal dinner parties which ended by the first week in June
Where were summers spent?
Seaside towns and freshwater springs
Who described a health resort, talking about a basin, snuffbox, bath, and patches?
Daniel Defoe
What was this era centered on?
Dancing, dining, drinking, theatergoing, card playing, gambling
What did the wealthy lifestyle lean toward by the 1700s?
Simplicity and sobriety
Who was Edmond Halley?
Astronomer who calculated when phenomena would occur
He computed with "immense labor" the orbit of Halley's comet
When would Halley's comet appear?
1758 and every 76 years afterwards (1986)
Who said, "The truth is, the science of Nature has been already too long made only a work of the brain and the fancy."
Robert Hooke
What group did Charles II charter in 1662?
The Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge
Philosophers that called for precise, exact, undecorated writing
Who was the "founder and first true master" of modern English prose?
John Dryden (1631-1700 - the age of Dryden)
What was his major critical work?
Essay of Dramatic Poesy - in 1668
"vindicate the honor of our English writers"
What comedy did Dryden write?
All for Love (1677) - neoclassical version of Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare)
What were Dryden's poetry achievements?
Perfecting the technique of English poetry
Regularizing meter
Making diction precise
What was Dryden a master of?
Explaining ideas
Reasoning in verse
What is Deism?
a view that God lets the universe run itself
Who said "Whatever is, is right."?
Alexander Pope in his Essay on Man
What was Alexander Pope's intended epitaph for Sir Isaac Newton?
"Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night:
God said, Let Newton be! and all was light."
What was Candide?
A novel by the French writer Voltaire
Ridiculed the view that "In this best of all possible worlds, all is for the best"
What was the minority involving philosophy at this time?
"Enlightened" rationalists and materialists
Who were two famous philosophers/scientists that remained religious along with the majority?
Sir Isaac Newton
John Locke
What church did Charles II reestablish in England?
the Anglican Church
What is the American equivalent of the Anglican Church?
Episcopal Church
What did the king try to outlaw?
Puritan and Independent sects
Who said, "A brave world, sir, full of religion, knavery, and change. We shall shortly see better days."
Aphra Behn
Who succeeded Charles II in 1685?
His brother James II, a Roman Catholic
Why were Roman Catholics disliked?
They set fire to London
They were plotting to give control of England to the pope
What happened in 1688?
The royal family fled to France
The Glorious (bloodless) Revolution was accomplished
Who succeeded James II?
His Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange
What events occurred in the arts and sciences after the reestablishment of the monarchy?
Return to "new classical" style of Roman, Greek, and Latin
Emphasis on logic, observation, explanation
Literary taste for wit and satire
Periodical essay developed
Novels
Theaters reopened, female actors allowed
People appreciated nature and simplicity
What did Charles II do after regaining his throne?
Repeal the ban on play performances imposed in 1642
How did the new plays deal with sexual relations between men and women?
Unsentimental and unromantic
What were the great, witty comedies of this period?
The Country Wife (Wycherly)
The Way of the World (Congreve)
Who did prose and verse writers and dramatists cater to?
Ordinary readers
What did the poor deal with?
Lack of education, religion and charity
Threat of debtors' prisons (torture)
What reached an all-time high during this period?
Overcrowding
Where did families live?
One-room garrets or cellars infested with rats, lice, snails, and bedbugs
What made the housing situation worse in 1696?
Window taxH
How was smallpox treated?
Black powder made from the ashes of 30-40 live toads
What was the death rate at the worst time?
>74% of London's children died before 5
How many people were convicted for selling illegal gin?
12,000/800,000 in LondonW
What was the Act of 1751?
Alcohol was highly taxed
What did improvements in agriculture create?
A demand for manure
What act was created in 1762?
The Paving Acts of 1762
Who were the most accomplished literary artists of the early 18th century?
Alexander Pope - "The age of Pope"
Jonathan Swift
Describe Pope's writing
Wrote attacking the educated and wealthy classes for immorality and bad taste
What did Pope love?
Order, discipline, craftsmanshipW
What appalled Pope and Swift?
Squalor and shoddiness in art, manners, and morals
Who said, "It is an age, indeed, which is only fit for satire"
John Dryden, from Dedication to his Life of Plutarch
Who explored the violent and filthy underside of the 18th century?
William Hogarth - painted & engraved
What values did Defoe stand for?
Middle class - thrift, prudence, industry, and respectability
What two essayists/journalists saw themselves as reformers of public manners and morals?
Addison and Steele
"The newspapers! Sir, they are the most villainous - licentious - abominable - infernal"
Richard Sheridan, The Critic
What poets are mentioned in this section for having great lyrics
Shakespeare, Keats, Wordsworth
Donne and Eliot
Emily Dickinson
W.B. Yeats
Frost
Elizabeth BishopW
Who said, "Genuine poetry is conceived and composed in the soul"?
Matthew Arnold
What were Augustan poets?
Wrote poetry from their wits
What are elegies?
Complimentary poems written for the death of a general or titled lady
Satire
Says bad things about people/behavior
What was an ambitious, often pompous poetic utterance expressing a public emotion?
Ode
What were novels?
Long fictional narratives - "something new"
Who was one prominent 18th century novelist who wrote about rough and rowdy incidents?
Henry Fielding
Which novel of Henry Fielding was made into a movie?
Tom Jones
Who first explored the emotional life of his characters?
Samuel Richardson in Pamela and Clarissa
Which author was experimental and whimsical?
Laurence Sterne
What was the last part of the 18th century known as?
the Age of Johnson (Samuel Johnson)
What were Johnson's views of humanity?
Conservative and traditional
Criticized belief in progress and that man is inherently good
"Johnson's conversation was by much tooo strong for a person accustomed to obsequiousness and flattery; it was mustard in a young child's mouth!"
Heter Lynch Thrale Piozzi
What was happening in 1784 when Johnson died?
The Industrial Revolution was turning cities into filthy, smoky slums
About this deck
By: Jessie Reed
Created: 2011-11-16
Size: 105 flashcards
Views: 8
Created: 2011-11-16
Size: 105 flashcards
Views: 8
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj