The Urban Underclass (Lecture #5)

StudyBlue printing of The Urban Underclass (Lecture #5) html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; 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-moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } The Urban Underclass (Lecture #5) underclass: permanent poor, year after year, concentrated in neighborhoods blacks in central cities and whites in suburbs basis of segregation that exists in society- for blacks this is mostly racial segregation The Rise of the Underclass Housing policies and racial bias of the 1960-70s concentrated blacks in a limited range of neighborhoods- result is segregation of blacks and whites in city space economic restructuring of the 1970s and the 1980s contributed to loss of employment opportunities in inner cities and disproportionately impacted minority population decline in manufacturing jobs in urban core= loss of decent paying, blue-collar jobs deindustrialization- decrease employment opportunities for less educated blacks (cities) large population of blacks with high unemployment and low income Spatial mismatch : low-skill jobs that do no exist in urban areas are concentrated on the urban fringe or in suburbs away from the neighborhoods in which blacks reside the types of jobs that poor African Americans can do in their neighborhood does not exist anymore higher concentration of jobs in areas with higher white population see maps of spatial mismatch in Chicago job sprawl: in metro areas with more job sprawl (jobs spread out over increasing suburban space) there is greater spatial mismatch, especially for blacks and Latinos address discrimination: employers decide if a job candidate is worth interviewing based on his/her address; with residential segregation, employers can have a 'good guess' as to the racial background of applicant by knowing his/her address employers think they know the person based on their neighborhood even if the person isn't like this, form of discrimination neighborhood implies a lot about you. If living in concentrated poor area, it says a lot of bad things (i.e. lazy) Consequences of Concentrated Poverty Decline in the pool of "marriageable" men due to loss of secure male employment no jobs because of spatial mismatch makes this pool of unmarriageable men black women want men with jobs; want to marry but don't want to settle cultural ideal: "breadwinner" this idea is out there and is as strong for lower class as it is for middle and upper, "Don't have to work if I don't want to"- not true for most middle class families but still an ideal norm for poor whites marriage holds moral capital, makes you feel better/ different than poor blacks. Whites will marry poor white with work ethic even more than blacks where women want them to have a job, whites settle for the idea/prospect policy makers want them to marry then need to get them jobs welfare- underlying rhetoric around marriage- influences marriage rise in female headed families, births outside marriage, and welfare use increase in the concentration of poor and near poor households in neighborhood- fewer middle class families middle class families moved out and need to move back- need to help the poor (elitist view) change in individual livelihood strategies lack of support for education- education doesn't pay off so why value education; schools are crappy so no one cares about our success increase in criminal behavior- "code of the street" is to project criminality in demeanor, language and dress, even if not a criminal oneself they are tough and can protect themselves and their family, will pull out a gun if they have to leads to more criminal behavior criminal behavior: failure to comply with criminal justice system, can be failure to pay a fine, show up to court, etc. short term vs. long term horizon and goals education not viewed as a way to increase social mobility short term conspicuous spending, not long term savings goals argument, if you live like this (pay check to pay check) you can only focus on short term goals, other stuff is too long too far away (i.e. college) kids need examples of long term goals (i.e. Boys and Girls Club, show them models, gives them an example of how long term goals pay off)