Tissue

Histology

the science that deals with the study of tissues

tissue

a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialized activities

Epithelial Tissues

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. Also forms glands

Connective tissue

protects and supports the body and its organs. Bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms

Muscular tissue

generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generates body heat

Nervous tissue

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outise the body and responds by generating nerve impulses.

Epithelial tissue

develops from all three primary germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm).

Connective and musle tissue

tissue derived from the mesoderm only

Nervous tissue

tissue developed only from the ectoderm

Cell junctions

contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.

Tight Junctions

consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together to seal off passageways between adjacent cells.

Adherens Junctions

contains plaque that attach to microfilaments. Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins join the cell.

Desmosomes

contain plaque and have transmembrane gylcoproteins that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another. Unlike adherens junctions the plaque does not attach to microfilaments

Hemidesmosomes

anchor cells to basement membrane not eachother. resemble desmosomes but they do not link adjacent cells. transmembrane glycoproteisn are integrins rather than cadherins. Integrins attach to the protein laminin in the basement membrane.

Epithelial Tissue

two types : covering and lining, and glandular. consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers. Never covered by another tissue. Three major functions : selective barriers, secretory surfaces, and protective surfaces. Three surfaces :apical (free), lateral, and basal.

Basement membrane

a thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers, the basal lamina and reticular lamina.Contains proteins such as laminin and collagen. Functinos in protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion.

Simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flat cells. centrally located nucleus. functions in filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion. Examples : lining of heart, blood velles, air sacs of lungs

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells. Centrally located nucleus. Functions in secretion and absorption. Examples : covers surface of ovaries, lines kidney tubules, makes up secreting portion of thyroid gland.

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

single layer of ciliated column like cells with nulci near base. Contains goblet cells in some locations. Functions to move mucus and other substances by ciliary action. Examples : limes some bronchioles, uterine tubes, uterus.

Pseudostratified columnamr epithelium

not a true stratified tissue. Nuclei of cells are at different levels. All cells are attached to basment membrane but not all reach the apical surface. Function in secretion and movement of mucus (ciliated) and absorption and protection (nonciliated). Examples : male urethra and airways of upper respiratory tract

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

single layer of nonciliated column like cells with nuclei near base of cells. Contains goblet cells and cells with microvilli in some locations. Functions in secretion and absorption. Examples : lines the gastrointestinal tract and gallbladder.

Stratified squamous epithelium

several layers of cells. Cuboidal to columnar in shape in deep layers; squamous cells form the apical surface and several layers deep. Cells from the basal layer replace surface cells as they are lost. Functinos in protection. Examples : keratinized variety froms skin and nonkeratininzed lines mouth, esophagus.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

two or more layers of cells in which the cells in the apical layer are cube-shaped. Function in protection and limited secretion and absorption. Examples : ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands and part of male urethra.

Stratified columnar epithelium

several layers of irregularly shaped cells. Only the apical layer has columnar cells. Function in protection and secretion. Examples : lines part of urethra, esphageal glands, conjunctiva of the eye.

Transitional epithelium

appearance is variable. Shape of cells in apical layer ranges from squamous when stretched to cuboidal when relaxed. Functions to permit distension. Examples : line urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra.

Endothelium and mesothelium

unlike other epithelial tissue that arise from embryonic ectoderm or endoderm these are derived from embryonic mesoderm.

Endothelium

simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Mesothelium

forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, or peritoneum.

Goblet cells

modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus

Microvilli

fingerlike cytoplasmic projections that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane for increased absorption

Keratin

a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissue

Gland

may consist of a sengle cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, on to a surface, or into the blood.

Endocrine glands

secretory products (hormones) diffuse into blood after passing through interstitial fluid. Functions to produce hormones that regulate various body activies. Examples include pituitary gland, pineal gland, and thyroid gland.

Exocrine glands

Secretory prodcuts released into ducts. Functions to produce substances such as sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes. Examples include sweat, oil, and earway glands of skin, digestive glands. Classified based on how their secretions are released.

Merocrine glands

Type of exocrine gland. Synthesized on ribosomes attach to rough ER: processed, sorted, and packaged by the Golgi complex: released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytossi. Most abundant exocrine gland.

Apocrine gland

Type of exocrine gland. accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell. Then, that portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the secretion.

Holocrine gland

Type of exocrine gland. accumulate secretory product in the cytosol.

Connective tissue

one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues int he body. Binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues; protects and insulates internal organs; compartmentalizes structures; and serves as major transprt system. Primary location of stored energy reserves and main source of immune responses. two basic elemnts : extracellular matrix and cells. Highyl vascular.

Extracellular matrix

the material located between connective tissue's widely spaced cells. Consists of ground substance and fibers.

Mesenchymal cells

give rise to the cells of connective tissue

Fibroblasts

immature cells in loose and dense connective tissue. Present in several conective tissue and usually are the most numerous.

Chondroblasts

immature cells in cartilage

Osteoblasts

immature cells in bone

all -blast cells

retain the capacity for cell division and secrete the extracellular matrix that is characteristic of the tissue.

Adipocytes

also calle fat cells or adipose cells. Connective tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats). Found deep to the skin and around organs such as heart and kidney.

Mast cells

abundant alongside the blood vessles that supply connective tissue. Produces histamine which dilates small blood vessels. Also can bind to, ingest, and kill bacteria.

White blood cells

not found in significatn numbers in normal connective tissue. Migrate from blood into tissue at site of infections and invasions.

Macrophages

develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell. Have irregular shape with short branching projections and engulf baceria and cellular debris. can be fixed or wandering.

Plasma cells

small cells that develop from a type of white blood cell called B lymphocyte. Secrete antibodies, which are proteins that attack foreign substances. most reside in connective tissue and most abundant in salivary glands, lymph nodes,spleen, and red bone marrow.

Ground substance

The component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers

Glycosaminoglycans

one of the most important properties of these are that they trap water, making the ground substance more jelly-like.

Hyaluronic acid

a viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain shape of the eyeball.

Chondroitin sulfate

provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels.

Adhesion proteins

present in ground substance and are responsible for linking components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells. Main protein is fibronectin which binds to both collage fibers and ground substance.

Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

three types of fibers embedded in extracellular matrix that function to strengthen and support connective tissues.

Collagen fibers

fiber in extracellular matrix. very strong and resist pulling forces, but they are not stiff, which allows tissue flexibilty.

Collagen

most abundant protein in your body

Elastic fibers

fiber in extracellular matrix. smaller in diameter than collagen fibers, branch and join together to form a network within a tissue. Consist of protein elastin and glycoprotein fibrillin. Can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without breaking. Plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue.

Reticular fibers

consist of collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprtein, provide support in the walls of bloods vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues. Produced by fibroblasts. Much thinner than collagen fibers. Forms stroma or supporting framework of many soft organs.

Mesenchyme

the tissue from which almost all other connective tissues eventually arise. Composed of irregularly shaped cells, a semifluid gournd substance, and delicate reticular fibers.

Mucous connective tissue

found mainly in umbilical cord of fetus. Form of mesenchyme that contains widely scattered fibroblasts, a more viscous jelly-like substance, and collagen fibers

Loose, Dense, cartilage, bone, and liquid

5 types of mature connective tissue

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

3 types of loose connective tissue

Areolar tissue

one of the most widely distributed connective tissues in the body. Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes. Form the subcutaneous layer, the layer of tissue that attaches the skin to underlying tissues and organs. Functions in strength , elasticity and support.

Adipose tissue

cells called adipocytes are specialized for storage of triglycerides (fat). Found wherever areolar connective tissue is located. Has white (most) and brown varieties. Nucleus and cytoplasm are peripherally located. Functions to reduce heat loss, serve as energy reserves, support and protects.

Reticular connective tissue

consists of fine interlacing fibers and cells. Forms the stroma of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes and helps bind together smooth muscle cells. Also filters blood and lymph.

Dense connective tissue

contains more numerous, thicker, and denser fibers but considerably fewer cells than loose connective tissue.

dense regular, dinse irregular, and elastic

3 types of dense connective tissue

Dense regular connective tissue

bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns that provide the tissue with great strength. extracellular matrix looks shiny white. collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts between bundlesExamples are tendons and most ligaments.

Dense irregular connective tissue

Contains collagen fibers that are usually irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts. Found in parts of the body where pulling forces are exerted in various directions. Often occurs in sheets such as skin deep to epidermis or the fibrous pericardium around the heart.

Elastic connective tissue

branching elastic fibers predominate in elastic connective tissue. Gives tissue a yellow color. Consists of elastic fibers with fibroblasts in between. Allows stretching of various organs. Located in lung tissue, walls of arteries etc.

Cartilage

consists of a dense network of collagen fibers or elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel-like component of the ground substance. Can endure considerably more strss than loose and dense connective tissues. Strength due to collagen fibers and resilience due to chondrotin sulfate. No blood supply or nerves.

Hyaline Cartilage

consists of bluish-white, shiny ground substance with thin, fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes; most abundant type of cartilage. Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, as well as flexibility and support. Found at ends of longbones, ribs, etc.

Fibrocartilage

consists of chondrocytes scattered among thick bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix. Functions in support and fusion. Found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee. Lacks perichondrium. Strongest of 3 types of cartilage.

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic

3 types of cartilage

Elastic cartilage

consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix. Gives support and maintains shape. Located on lid of top larynx, part of external ear.

Chondrocytes

cells of mature cartilage

Perichondrium

covering of dense irregular connective tissue surrounds the surface of most cartilage. Consist of outer fibrous layer of collagen fiber, blood vessels, and fibroblasts, and an inner cellular layer involved in cartilage growth.

Compact bone

consists of osteons that contain lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central canals. Spongy bone consist of thin columns called trabeculae. Functions in support, protection, storage.

Blood

a type of liquid connective tissue. Consists of blood plasma and formed-elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. red blood cells transport o2 and co2, white blood cells carry phagocytosis, platelets are essential for clotting.

Interstitial growth

growth from within the tissue.

Appositional growth

growth on the outer surface of the tissue. Starts later than interstitial growth and continues through adolesence.

Osteon

contains four parts : lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, and central (haversian) canal

Lamellae

concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts which give bone it's hardnesss and collagen fibers which give bone its strength.

Lacunae

Small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes

Canaliculi

project from the lacunae and are networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes.

Central (haversian) canal

contains blood vessels and nerves

Spongy bones

lacks osteons but consits of columns of bone called trabeculae which contain lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi.

Lymph

the extracellular fluid that flows in lymphactic vessls. Similar to blood plasma but with much less protein.

Membranes

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

Epithelial tissue

consist of mucous membranes, serous membranes, and cutaneous membranes. combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer.

Synovial membrane

lines joints and contains connective tissue but no epithelium.

Mucous membrane

lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior. Lines the entire digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. The connective tissue layer is areolar and called the lamina propria which supports the epithelium, binds it to the underlying structures, and allows some flexibility of the membrane.

Serous Membranes

lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior and it covers the organs that lie within the cavity.

Parietal layer

part of serous membrane. the layer attaced to and lining the cavity wall.

Visceral layer

part of serous membrane. the layer that covers and adheres to the organs within the cavity.

Pleura

the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs

Pericardium

The serous membrane lining the heart cavity and covering the heart

Peritoneum

the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the abdominal organs

Cutaneous membrane

or skin. covers the entire surface of the body and consits of a superficial portion called the epidermis and deeper portion called the dermis.

Synovial Membranes

line the cavities of freely movable joints. Lack an epithelium and are therefore not epithelial membranes. Composed of a discontinuous layer of cells called synoviocytes which secrete some of the components of synovial fluid.

Muscular Tissue

consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that can use ATP to generate force...

Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal

3 types of muscular tissue

Skeletal Muscle tissue

Is voluntary and has striations. Long, cylindrical, striated fibers with many peripherally located nuclei. Function in motion, posture, heat production, and protection. Attached to bones by tendons.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Is straited and involuntary with one centralyl located nucleus. Contains intercalated discs. Located in the heart wall and pumps blood to all parts of the body.

Intercalated discs

transverse thickenings of the plasma membrane that attach cardiac muscle cell nuclei end to end.

Smooth Muscle tissue

Nonstriated and involuntary. Spindle shaped with one centrally located nucleus. Function in motion. Located in iris of eye, blood vessels, stomach, and airways to the lungs, etc.

Nervous Tissue

consists of neurons and neurolglia. Function in exhibiting sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts stimuli into nerve impuses, and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons, muslce fibers, or glands. Located in the nervous system. Poorest capacty for renewal.

Neurons

consits of a cell body and processes extending from the cell body (multiple dendrites and single axon). Converts stimuli into electrical signals called action potentials.

Dendrites

tapering highly branched, and usually short cell processes. The major receiving or input portion of a neuron.

Axon

a single, thin, cylindrical process that may be very long. Output portion of a neuron.

Neuroglia

Do not generate or conduct nerve impulses but have many important supportive functions in neurons.

Exciteable cells

exhibit electrical excitability, the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials. Examples are neurons and muscle fibers.

Stroma

suporting connective tissue from which new cells originate by cell divisoin.

Parenchyma

cells that consitute the functioning part of the tissue or organ from which new cells originate by cell division

Stem Cells

immature, undifferentiated cells that divide to replace lost or damaged cells.

Fibrosis

fibroblasts synthesize collagen and other matrix materials that aggregate to form scar tissue. Original function of the tissue or organ is impaired.

Granulation tissue

actively growing connective tissue

Nutrition, blood circulation, and age

the 3 factors that affect tissue repair

Tissue

Health And Exercise Science 001 with Kari at Oregon State University

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