Treatment of Psychological Disorders (Cont.)

StudyBlue printing of Treatment of Psychological Disorders (Cont.) html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Treatment of Psychological Disorders (Cont.) Schizophrenia Symptoms psychotic disorder: characterized by a "break" with reality hallucinations: seeing and hearing things that aren't there delusions: holding fixed but patently false beliefs persecution demons or devil trying to harm them bizarre behavior, incoherent speech, and illogical thinking thought disorder: a breakdown in the logical structure of thought and speech, revealed in the form of a loosening of associations positive symptoms: involve behavioral excesses, such as hallucinations and delusions negative symptoms: behavioral deficits such as withdrawal and apathy Types of Schizophrenia disorganized type confused behavior incoherent speech vivid and frequent hallucinations inappropriate emotions or lack of emotional expression, and disorganized delusions Catatonic Type bizarre movements, postures, or grimaces some persist in a motionless state for hours Paranoid Type delusions accompanied by frequent auditory hallucinations delusion themes: grandeur, persecution, or jealousy Undifferentiated Type "grab-bag" category Residual Type in remission Causes of Schizophrenia Genetic Factors plays important role 13% who have a parent with schizophrenia 50% if identical twin has disorder Biochemical Imbalance nerve pathways that utilize dopamine over reactivity or overabundance of dopamine receptors Brain Abnormalities abnormal brain development large ventricles prefrontal cortex and limbic system Psychosocial Influences life stress Therapies of Psychological Disorders Goals and Major Therapies over 250 types of therapies Goals of therapeutic process reaching a diagnosis about what is wrong proposing a probable etiology (cause of the problem) making a prognosis, or estimate, of the course of the problem prescribing and carrying out some form of treatment Practicing Therapists Clinical Psychologist have a Ph.D. in Psychology specialize in mental illness Psychiatrist are medical doctors can prescribe drugs Psychoanalysts psychiatrists or psychologists completed extended training in psychoanalysis Counselors have a Master in psychology or counseling often deal in routine advising Social Workers have a MSW, specialize in psychological problems Biomedical Therapy a prescribed medication or medical procedure- acts directly on patient's nervous system biological rooted disorders (e.g. schizophrenia): likely to be treated with biomedical therapy biomedical therapists: psychiatrists, neurobiologists and others drug therapy Psychological Therapy (Psychotherapy) psychological based form of treatment used to help people better understand their emotional or behavioral problems and resolve them most professionals in the field of psychology are practicing therapists psychological disorders (faulty behaviors) that are learned (e.g. phobias) are likely to be treated with psychotherapy behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, humanistic therapy, psychodynamic therapy Drug Therapy neurotransmitter irregularities: implicated in wide range of psychological disorders ex.: anxiety, mood, eating disorders drugs regulate functioning of neurotransmitters in the brain psychotropic drugs: reduce symptoms of many psychological disorders- none can produce a cure (anti-psychotic, anti-anxiety, anti-depressants) not all patients respond well to psychotropic drugs do not teach hor to resolve problems or develop skills have side effects drowsiness (anti-anxiety drugs) dry mouth and sexual response problems (anti-depressant drugs) muscular tremors, rigidity, and severe movement disorder (anti-psychotic drugs) tranquilizers are addictive (e.g. Valium) Anti-psychotic drugs: used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders; mood-stabilizing drugs chlorpromazine (1st miracle drug): reduces schizophrenia symptoms (delusion, hallucinations, social withdrawal and agitation) lithium: regulates mood swings of manic depressive toxic (needs monitoring) anticonvulsant drugs used in epilepsy new generation clozapine (clozaril): controls symptoms of schizophrenia fewer side effects may not prevent tardive dyskinesia Tardive dyskinesia: disabling motor disorder that may occur following regular use of antipsychotic drugs tremors involuntary movements Anti-anxiety drugs: help quell anxiety, induce calmness, and reduce muscle tension diazepam (valium), chlordiazepoxide (librium) make GABA receptors more sensitive- enhancing the chemical's calming (inhibitory) effects dangerous if mixed with other drugs (like alcohol) Anti-depressant drugs: used to treat depression tricyclics: increase the availability of neurotransmitters )norepinephrine and serotonin) in the brain by interfering with their re-uptake dry mouth difficulty urinating heart irregularities drowsiness MAO inhibitors: increase the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase less effective help if not responding to other drugs SSRIs (serotonin selective re-uptake inhibitors): newer generation of drugs- raise serotonin levels in the brain (interfere with re-uptake) more specific mild nausea or headache produce nervousness Psychosurgery and Electroconvulsive Therapy Electroconvulsive treatment for severe depression not responsive to drugs )or can't tolerate them) may cause temporary memory loss 82% say less upsetting that going to the dentist can only help a limited number of people Psychosurgery prefrontal lobotomies done from 1935-1955 agitated schizophrenia, extreme compulsions, intense anxiety nerve pathways between frontal lobe and lower brain centers (thalamus) are severed disconnect people from traumas of past experiences extreme side effects memory loss intellectual/emotional cannot plan ahead Behavioral Therapies (or behavioral modification): changes problem behavior through use of learning-based techniques apply principles of learning- help individuals make adaptive changes in their behavior focuses on changing problem behaviors- rather than exploring client's feelings relatively brief classical conditioning techniques systematic desensitization: method of reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object of their fear resembles shaping procedure relaxation not compatible with response to flooding: exposes the person to the object of the phobia suddenly rather than gradually aversive conditioning: used to create an unpleasant response to stimuli associated with undesirable behaviors make stimuli (cigarette smoke) elicit negative response (nausea) after repeated pairing of a nausea-inducing drug and sniffling an alcoholic beverage, exposure to the alcoholic beverage alone elicits nausea, which discourages drinking