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- Biology 318
- Martin
- Unit 3 exam
Unit 3 exam
Biology 318 with Martin at Western Oregon University
About this deck
By: Zulema Magana
Created: 2011-02-18
Size: 72 flashcards
Views: 17
Created: 2011-02-18
Size: 72 flashcards
Views: 17
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1. Transformation
Taking up naked DNA to get new genes
2. Conjugation
Bacterial mating
F(+) attaches to F(-)
3. Phage Conversion, Transduction
SO- phage genes can convert to bacteria
OR- transfer bacterial genes host to host
Phage-
Viruses that infect bacterial hosts
Plasmids-
circular mini-chromosomes
Recombination-
New genes, gene arrangements
Most common in general community.....
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
G+
affects respiratory tract
Heat targets
proteins and denatures them
Cold targets
metabolism- only slows growth
Water vs Solute content
Dessication targets/slows all parts of the cell
spore-formers respond by hibernation
Radiation targets
DNA- mutations
surface only
Listeria monocytogenes (EP) (cheese)
G+
Psychrophile
Helicobacter pylori (EP)
G- Spirilla
Acidophile
Campylobacter jejuni (chicken) (EP)
G- spirilla
capnophile
Vibrio cholerae (seafood) (EP)
G- curved rod
Halophile
Clostridium botulinum ADULT form (EP)
G+ rods
found in soil water
Disinfectants
Remove microbes from non-living surface
Formaldehyde
Disrupts protein and DNA
Antiseptics
remove microbes from living tissues
Detergents
disrupt membranes
Iodine
Disrupts protein and DNA
Mesophiles
Like middle range of temperature
Psychrophile
cold loving
Acidophile
Acid loving, grows in stomach
Capnophile
Low O2
Halophile
Salt loving
Autoclave
Sterilizes (everything)
Pasteurization
sanitizes (some)
Lactoferrin (skin and mucus antibacterial proteins)
Hides iron from bacteria
Lyzosyme (*)
destroys peptidoglycan
Transferrin (Blood antibacterial proteins)
hides iron from bacteria
Complement (*)
drill holes in bacterial walls
(Ab) Opsonize
Ab tagging recruits phogocytes
(ab) Agglutination
Ab clumping slows spread
Antibiotic
antibacterial made by microbe
Synthetic antibacterial
made by man
Semisynthetic
man-modified antibiotic
Fleming
1928
Discovered first antibiotic- penicillin
Penicillin
made by soil fungus called penicillium
Affects gram(+) more= narrow spectrum
When inserted in wall, it halts growth
Domagk
1935
Developed first synthetic- sulfa
Sulfa
mimic PABA, converted to folic acid
affects gram (-) and (+) = bread spectrum
Halts this enzyme conversion
Waksman
1944
second antibiotic streptomycin
Streptomycin
made by soil bacteria streptomyces
Affect gram(-) and (+)= broad spectrum
fits into bacterial ribosome but will not leave- halts translation
3 ways drug resistance evolves
Target mutated
new cell enzyme
new cell pump
Target mutated
drug can't enter, damage
New cell enzyme
made that destroys drug
New cell pump
made that exports drug
Agglutination
Ab-induced clumping of bacteria serves to slow spread so phagocytes can target bacterial killing
Superbugs
Resistant to one or more antimicrobials
Super bugs what can be done?
1. stop giving drugs without good diagnosis
2. use correct drug and dose
3. stop agriculture, household product use
4. avoid illness through vaccines, hygiene
Symbiosis
2 species living together
Mutualism
Both species benefit
Commensal
1 benefits, 1 no gain/loss
Parasitism
1 benefits, 1 loses
Skin Flora
favors G+
Thick, salty, dead
Associated with BO
Lower trachea
lungs should be sterile
Upper tract
nose, throat, mouth
GI tract (Upper)
contains no/low flora (acid/bile)
GI tract (colon)
500+ species, most mutualistic
GI tract example for Gram+
Clostridium difficile
GI tract example for Gram-
Escherichia
Genitourinary Tract (GU)
Kidney/bladder sterile-acid urine flushes
Urethra
Something is always trying to crawl up there
C. Botulinum
Infant Botulism
G+
Found in soil
Eat spores
C. Difficile
Chronic Diarrhea/ Colitis
Get it after antibiotics have killed all your GI flora because it becomes bad by itself
Nosocomial Infections
Hospital inquired
Nosocomial Pneumonia 1
Can invade blood
can get it with patient crowding, respirators, and nebulizers
Top agent- S.aureus
Nosocomial UTI 2
Infection of bladder- can invade kidney
Get it by poorly handled/washed catheters
top agent- E.coli
Nosocomial Septicemia 3
Blood level infection
Get it from needles, surgery, burns, wounds
Top agent- S. epidermidis (MRSE)
Hospital Infection Control 1. Medical Asepsis
Clean technique
Goal: exclude pathogens, stop transfer
2. Surgical Asepsis
Goal: exclude ALL microbes
Sterile equipment, sterile environment
About this deck
By: Zulema Magana
Created: 2011-02-18
Size: 72 flashcards
Views: 17
Created: 2011-02-18
Size: 72 flashcards
Views: 17
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis