Unit 4
Psychology 100 with Cary/morgan/o'brien at University of Wisconsin - LaCrosse
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environment
every non genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to people and things around us
behavior genetics
study of relative power and limits of genetic environmental influences on behavior
genome
complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all genetic material in an organism's chromosomes
(what makes us humans and not tulips)
correspondence of alzheimers
identical: 60%
fraternal: 30%
correspondence of divorce
identical: 5.5x more likely
fraternal: 1.6x more likely
temperament
a person's emotional reactivity and intensity
heritability
extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to different genes
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
zygote
fertilized egg, conception to 2 weeks, develops into embryo
embryo
the developing human from about 2 weeks through the second month (8 weeks)
fetus
developing human from 9 weeks after conception to birth
teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
rooting reflex
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn and open the mouth in search of the nipple
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimuli. When gain familiarity with exposure, interest wanes and infant looks away
maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
assimilate
interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
accomodation
adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
sensorimotor stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to age 2) where infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2- 7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
coservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another person's point of view
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and other's mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.
autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understood of other's states of minds.
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (6 -11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development (age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months age
attachment
an emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on seperation
basic trust
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
self concept
sense of one's identity and personal worth
adolescence
transition from child to adult, puberty to independence
puberty
period of sexual maturation where become capable of reproducing
primary sex characteristics
body structures (ovaries, testes, external genitalia) that make reproduction possible
secondary sex characteristics
non reproductive sexual characteristics such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair
menarche
first menstrual period
identity
one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation, also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
alzheimers
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning
cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
crystalized intelligence
one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
fluid intelligence
one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood
social clock
culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement
behavioral medicine
interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
health psychology
provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages -- alarm, resistance, exhaustian
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle, the leading cause of death in many developed countries
Type A personality
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B personality
Friendman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
psychophysiological illness
literally "mind body" illness, and stress related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
lymphocytes
two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system
coping
alleviating stress using emotional cognitive or behavioral methods
problem focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
emotion focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
aerobic excercise
sustained exercise that increase heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
biofeedback
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.
complementary and alternative medicine
unproven health care treatments not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies
personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
free association
in psychoanalysis a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing
psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts, the techniques used in treating disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
unconscious
according to Freud a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
id
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that according to Fred strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that mediates among demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
superego
the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
oedipus complex
a boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred towards father
identification
the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
fixation
a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved.
defense mechanism
the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
regression
defense mechanisms in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains focused.
reaction formation
psycho analytic denfense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety arousing unconscious feelings
projection
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
rationalization
defense mechanism that offers self justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
displacement
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
collective unconscious
carl jung's concept of a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history
projective test
a personality test like the Roschach or TAT that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach inkblot test
most widely used projective test, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
terror management theory
proposes that faith in one's world view and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death
self actualization
according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved, the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
unconditional positive regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
self concept
all thoughts and feelings about ourselves to answer the question "who am i?"
trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
personality inventory
a questionnaire (true false disagree agree) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to assess selected personality traits
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
most widely researched and clinically used personality test. originally developed to identify emotional disorders
empirically derived test
a test (like MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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