Unit 6

Biology 101 with Chandler at Iowa State University

About this deck

By: Megan Kenney
Textbook: Basic Concepts in Biology
Created: 2011-11-13
Size: 138 flashcards
Views: 16

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Biodiversity

encompasses the variation and diversity in all life on earth

Described species

identified by science

-1.6-1.8 million

Actual number of species

estimated species

-range from 3.60-14 million

Taxonomy

deals with identifying, describing, and classifying organisms

Systematics

Study of evolutionary relationships among individuals

Old taxonomy view

2 kingdoms- plants and animals

taxonomy modern view

5 kingdoms - Monera, protista, plant, fungi, animal

Taxonomy current view

5 kingdoms + prokaryotes and Eukaryotes --> bacteria, archae, eukarya

Carl Linnaeus

Developed binomial system of nomenclature for species

Domains

Kingom (largest) --> phylum --> class --> order --> family --> genus --> species

Goal for Linnaean taxonomy

organize species into groups that are convenient for our understanding of natures

-common names CAN be reused

Systematics: Moder Taxonomy

Based on evolutionary Relationships

-grouping is not so important

Tree of life

all living things have evolved from a common ancestor

Mammal Phylogeny

Evolutionary relationships with in a group

uses 'out group' for comparison

Homologous traits

similar structures that may have a different function.

Analogous traits

different structures can perform same function

-similarity is NOT from common ancestor

Modern Systematics

additional tool to find DNA sequences

Prokaryotes

much larger than eukaryotes

-lack a nucleus and organelles

-unicellular

Bacteria

live on/in our bodies

-DNA is in small, circular chromosome

-most reproduce asexually

Cyanobacteria

"blue-green algae" = bacteria

=photosynthetic

-primary producers in the ocean

Algae

photosynthetic organisms that aren't plants

-seaweed is considered protist

Function of bacteria

decomposer

-recycle nitrogen and carbon into environment

-bioremediation

-anaerobic bacteria decompose the solid matter to make fertilizer

symbionts

bacteria is female reproductive tract suppresses yeast growth

Bioluminescence

Bacteria live inside squid, allow them to hide from prey

Archaea

outwardly resemble bacteria with similar sizes

-share some biochemical similarities with eukaryotes

-originally discovered in extreme environments

cocci

spherical species

bacilli

rod shaped prokaryotes

binary fission

cells copy DNA and then divide again and again

endospore

thick-coated protective cell within the prokaryotic cell when the prokaryote is exposed to unfavorable condition

bacteria and archaea

two major branches of prokaryotic evolution

bacteria, archaea and eukarya

2 domains life is organized into

pathogens

bacteria and other organisms that cause disease

exotoxins

poisonous proteins secreted by bacterial cells

endotoxins

not cell secretions; but chemical components of the outer membrane of certain bacteria

bioremediation

the use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil

protists

catch-all category that includes all eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals or plants

symbiosis

close association between organisms of 2 or more species

endosymbosis

refers to ones species living inside another host species

protozoans

protists that live primarily by ingesting food

-live as parasites in animals

flagellates

protozoans that move by means of one of more flagella

amoebas

great flexibility in their inner body shape and the absence of permanent organelles for locomotion

pseudopodio

most species move and deff by this

-temporary extension of the cell

forams

have shells

-part of pseudopodia

Apicomplexans

all parasitic, and some cause serious human diseases

ciliates

protozoans that use structures called cilia to move and feed

plasmodial slime molds

named for feeding stage in their life cycle, an amoebold mass called a plasmodium

cellular slime mold

can take different forms during successive life stages

algae

come in unicellular colonia and multicellular forms

plankton

communities of organisms that drift weakly near surfaces of water

dinoflagellate

has a characterisitc shape reinforced by external plates made of cellulose

diatoms

glassy cell walls containing silica

green algae

grassy green chloroplasts

reproductive stalk

only cells at top get reproduced

plant

multicellular eukaryote that makes organic molecules by photosynthesis

shoots

aerial lead bearing organs

roots

subterranean organs

mycorrhizae

root-fungus combinations

stomata

microscopic pores found on a lead's surface

cuticle

waxy layer that coats the leaves and other parts of most plants, helping the plant body retain water

lignin

chemical that hardens cell walls

vascular tissue

system of tube-shaped cells that branch throughout the plant

-has 2 types of tissue specialized for transport

xylem

consisting of dead cells with tubular cavities for transporting water and minerals from roots to leaves

phloem

consisting of living cells that distrute sugars from the leaves to the roots and other non photosynthetic parts of the plant

gametangia

where plants produce their gametes in protective structures

charophytes

modern-day lineage of green algae

bryophytes

lack true roots and leaves and lignin

mosses

most familiar bryophytes

ferns

ho seedless conditions are retained

seed

consists of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective covering.

gymnosperms

naked seeds

conifers

most widespread and diverse gymnosperms

-consist of cone-bearing trees

angiosperms

emergence of flowering plants

flower

complex reproductive structure that bears seeds with in protective chambers

gametophyte

green sponge-like plant that is the more obvious

sporophyte

grows out of a gametophyte as a stalk with a capsule at its tip

spores

differs from gametes in 2 ways:

-they can develop into a new organism with out fusing with another cell

-they usually have tough coats that enable them to resist harsh environments alternation of generations: life cycle that occurs in plants and multicellular green algae

fossil fuels

form from the remains of long-dead organisms

pollen grain

much-reduced male gametophyte

-houses cells that will develop into sperm

ovules

seeds develop from structures

-located on the scales of females cones

germinate

its embryo emerges through the seed coat as a seedling

sepals

bottom of the flower

-usually green

-enclose the flower before it opens

petals

above the sepals

-colorful and help to attract insects and other pollinators

stamen

consist of a stalk - the filament- nearing a sac called the anther- in whcih the pollen grains develop

carpel

consists of a stalk- the style- with an ovary at the base ad a sticky tip known as the stigma. which traps pollen

ovary

protective chamber containing one or more ovules in which the egg develops

endosperm

nourishes the embryo

fruit

ripened ovary of a flower

fungi

eukaryotes and most are multicelluar but many have body structures and modes of reproduction unlike those of any other organism

absorption

chemoheterotrophs that acquire their nutrition through this

hyphae

bodies of most fungi are constructed of threadlike filaments

mycelium

interwoven network

-feeding structures of the fungus

Lichens

symbiotic associations of fungi and algae

Nutiriton

Absorb complex organic nutrients from environment

Reproduction

either asexual or sexual, release spores

decomposers

critical for the carbon and nitrogen cycles, return C and N to soil

-includes molds

-mostly live underground

parasitism

system where one organism is harmed and the parasite benefits

animals

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organism that obtain nutrients by eating

blastula

hallow ball of cells- early embryonic stage

gastrula

when one side of the blastula folds inward

-develops into a saclike embryo with a two layered wall and an opening at one end

larva

immature individual that looks different from the adult animal

metamorphosis

major change of body form, a larva undergoes in becoming an adult capable of reproducing sexually

radical symmetry

identical all around a central axis

bilateral symmetry

only one way to split it into two equal halves - right down the middle line

body cavity

fluid-filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall

pseudocoelom

if the body cavity is not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

coelom

type of body cavity humans and many other animals have, is completely line by tissue derived from Mesoderm

invertebrates

animals with out back bones

sponges

multiple phyla

-stationary animals that appear so sedate that the ancient greeks believed them to be plants

Cniderians

characterized by the presence of body tissues as well as by radical symmetry and tentacles with stinging cells

Gastrovascular cavity

basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment

polyp

adhere to larger objects and extend their tentacles waiting for prey

medusa

flattened, mouth-down version of the polyp

molluscs

soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell

radula

file-like organ used to scrape up food

mantle

drapes over the visceral mass and secretes the shell if one is present

gastropods

protected by a single spiraled shell into which the animal can retreat when threatened

bivalves

including clam, oysters, mussels and scallops have shells divided into 2 halves hinged together

cephalopods

all marine animals and generally differ rom gastro and sedentary bihavles in that their bodies are fast

flat worms

simplest animals with bilateral symmetrya

annelids

worms that have body segmentation

complete digestive tract

a digestive tube w/ two openings - moth and anus

polychaetes

marine, mainly crawling on or burrowing in the sea floor

leeches

notorious foe blood sucking habits of some species

roundworms

get name from cylinder body

exoskelteon

external skeleton

Arachnids

live on land have 4 pairs of walking legs and a specialized pair of feeding appendages

crustaceans

nearly all aquatic

water vascular system

network of water-filled canals that circulate water throughout the echinoderms body, facilitating gas exchange c

chordates

share 4 key features that appear in the embryo and sometimes in the adult

dorsal

hollow nerve cord

Amphibians

exhibit a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial adaptions

primates

mammalian group that includes homo sapiens and its closest kin

main groups of amphibians

frogs and toads

salamanders-most live underground

caecilians-resemble large worms, burrow in the tropics

common characteristics of a vertebrates

moist skin

-dependent on water

-undergo metamorphosis

external fertilization

requires water- most fish and amphibians

internal fertilization

reptiles, birds, mammals

amniotic egg

shell and membranes , freed animals from water

Retiles

Scales and amniotic egg

ectothermic- regulate body temperature main groups

-include turtles lizards, crocodiles

About this deck

By: Megan Kenney
Textbook: Basic Concepts in Biology
Created: 2011-11-13
Size: 138 flashcards
Views: 16

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj