Week 1 R&R Vocabulary

nerve damage - usually to the dorsal vagal nerve (more rumen) and ventral vagal nerve (more forestomachs)

bowel (intestinal) obstruction
- can cause an increase in chloride in the rumen because it backs up into the rumen

breaks down pectin - which is a substance that cements cellulose together along with hemicellulose and lignin

breaks down hemicellulose - which is a substance that cements cellulose together along with pectin and lignin

breaks down nitrogen into ammonia

conversion of starch into sugar (amylase)

Breaks down proteins --> peptides ---> amino acids (proteinase/proteases : same thing)

enzymes that breaks down cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin

measure of teh concentration of ions int he solution (osmolality)

usually associated with SARA
- low pH leads to a shift in the proportions of the VFAs in the rumen
- increased butyrate and propionate; decreased acetate
- butyric acid and propionic acid induces epithelium proliferation - when exaggerated, this leads to parakeratosis = excessively keratinized epithelium that clump together

amylolytic bacteria

in low pH, this will proliferate and produce large amounts of glucose ---> this will reduce the capacity of lactate using bacteria to turn lactic acid to propionate + acetate+ CO2

lactate using bacteria

- defined as fluffy or woolly
- this appearance is usually caused by Fungi

also known as: thrombophlebitis
- inflammation of the VEIN

omasitis

tracheitis

pneumonia

rumenitis

abomastitis

reticulitis

- bleeding to death
- is the fatal process of total hypovolemia (blood loss)

area of tissue death; ischemia

inflammation of blood vessels

Different from Phlebitis: inflammation of the vein

animal life vs. plant (microogranism) life

A sign or symptom that is so characteristic of a disease that it makes the diagnosis

ruminal stasis

a negative aftereffect

narrowing or constriction of the diameter or a bodily passage

Septate: having cross-walls; examples are Aspergillus spp.
Hyphae: threadlike filament
Mycelium: mass of branching filaments (hyphae) that makes up vegetative growth of fungus

These are characteristic of mold - multicellular filamentous form of fungus; consists of masses of hyphae that grow together into a mycelium; examples are Aspergillus spp. and zygomycetes

Aspergillus spp. is found in the rumen normally.  I think...

- is a form of asexual reproduction in plants. It is a process by which new individuals arise without production of seeds or spores.

Fungi way of proliferating

- asexual spores produced by mitosis
- naked spores born on hyphae and produced by fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium spp.

- is a lipid-soluble molecule usually synthesized by microorganisms to transport ions across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
- required for the proper functioning and survival of microorganisms
- In laboratory research, ionophores are used to increase the permeability of biological membranes to certain ions. Additionally, some ionophores are used as antibiotics and/or as growth enhancing feed additives for certain feed animals such as cattle (see monensin).

5.6
- from 5 minute consult
- leads to decrease in production inefficiencies and illnesses

5.2
- usually can lead to death

- first month post calving
- this is because the diet contains more readily fermentable carbohydrates than they can utilize during this dry period
- also note that cows are also unable to handle large amounts of acid during early lactation

are considered the most important source of readily fermentable carbohydrates in animals with acute or chronic acidosis
- Cereal grain = concentrate
- wheat is more fermentable than corn, therefore cows fed wheat are more susceptible to acidosis compared to corn

- main goal: ensure that calves are healthy and are eating from the bunk

- main goal: utilize available forages for inexpensive growth of calves after weaning

lactate producing bacteria

will survive in low pH even after lactate producing and amylolytic bacteria due - continuously produces lactic acid from concentrates (starch metabolism)

- main goal: provide sufficient nutrients to the animal for maximal protein and skeletal growth rates while allowing minimal fat deposition

- main goal: achieve maximal rates of gain and predetermined target degree of fatness
- FEED AS MUCH CONCENTRATE AS POSSIBLE
WE WANT BIG COWS

- gram negative
-common inhabitant of normal intestine and rumen
- uses lactate as sugar substrate - lactate using bacteria (?)
- damaged rumen epithelium allows bacteria to enter the blood - causes abscesses in the liver

tissue damage, especially in liver, caused by infection by Fusobacterium necrophorum. Manifested usually as areas of necrosis, occasionally as cellulitis or phlegmon. The pus has a characteristic rotting odor.

the vertical distance from the coronary band (seen with a radiopaque marker) to the dorso-proximal aspect of P3 (aka the claw bone)

degrade cellular matrix material - perhaps degrade epithelium in laminae (?)

believed to be a theory behind laminitis

- aka Frothy bloat
- persistent foam mixed with ruminal contents - gases of fermentation are trapped in a stable foam
- caused by certain legumes (high moisture foods) and grain concentrates - both of theses foods are easily digestible

1. VFA from these legumes causes a lower pH - which is optimal for bloat formation due to decreased ruminal contractions (?)
2. prevents eructation and causes gas to build up
3. foam +rumen contents = blocks cardia
4. also Decreased chewing leads to decrease saliva production--->decrease bicarbonate and increases acid in rumen ---> decrease in salivary mucin (which is an antifoaming agent)

antifoaming agent that is produced in cow saliva

NO!

Dogs and cats do though.

-seen in post mortem of primary ruminal tympany cows
- a sharp line between the top part of the esophagus (pale, bloodless) and the end part of the esophagus (congested)

- physical obstruction of eructation - form of free gas separate from ingesta
causes:
1. foreign body
2. pressure on esophagus
3. interference of nerve pathways in esophagus and rumen (decreases rumen motility)
4. rumen lesions - destroy stretch receptors needed for rumination
5. hypocalcemia - need calcium for muscles to work
6. ruminal atony - lack of muscle tone

hair balls - can act as a foreign body lodge in the rumen

plant balls - excess of indigestible roughage

- produced by many strains of Aspergillus (mold)
- found in feed and milk
Effects:
-immune suppression leading to secondary infection (like salmonellosis)
- liver damage
- decreased milk and egg yield in females
Clinical signs:
- Gi dysfunction, reduced production, anemia, jaundice

due to thiamine deficiency (Vitamin B1)
1. Microbes create thiamine for the body
2. but low pH of rumen causes the death of these microbes and proliferation of lactate producing bacteria (lactobacillus) and produce large amounts of thiaminase (I and II*)
3. Some coccidiostats are thiamine destroyers as well
4. combined - this leads to thiamine deficiency
-Symptoms: head pressing, ataxia, anorexis

-water soluble
-Thiamine is a cofactor that is needed by enzymes (thiamine-dependent enzymes) to covert pyruvate to acetyl-coa --> energy
- DEficiency = brain damage - thiamine is needed as energy, which is used for the synthesis of cell constituents in the brain, such as neurotransmitters

- lesions seen in cerebral cortex, cerebral edema, yellow discoloration of grey matter, atrophy
- can tell the difference between PEM and encephalopathy through CSF
PEM has increased proteins and increased multinucleated macrophages

excessive ammonia = vomiting, irritability, lethary, intermitted ataxia, and metal retardation
- ammonia alters inhibitory response: (I think) increases GABA-receptor affinity for GABA- results in Ca2+ influx and decreased stimulation of neurons\\
- ammonia also causes ulcerative lesions and makes the blood brain barrier more permeable

-ulcers are resolved through fibrosis in the lumen and look like stellate stars
-contains fibrous connective tissue

Morphologic Diagnosis:
Rumen: rumenitis, ulcerative, multifocal, mild, chronic